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. 2019 May 13;9:7306. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43617-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Activation of TLR4 is only a weak inducer of IL-6 trans-signaling. (A,B) THP-1 cells were incubated with or without the TLR4 activator LPS (5 µg/ml) for 24 h. Supernatants were collected and IL-6 or sIL-6R levels were determined via ELISA. Shown are the individual data points from three independent experiments (n = 8), which were analyzed by Mann-Whitney-U test (n.s.: not significant). (C,D) Serum samples from sepsis patients at the day of sepsis diagnosis (day 0, n = 47) and 5 days later (day 5, n = 45) were used to determine IL-6 or sIL-6R levels via ELISA. Serum samples from healthy donors (n = 30) were applied as control. Individual data points are shown and the median is indicated by a horizontal line. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s Multiple Comparison test (n.s.: not significant).