Table 2.

Summary of available data from studies on hypogonadism in testicular cancer survivors.

References	Study design	Total sample	Time of enrollment/Follow-up	Results
Nord et al. (13)	Cross-sectional	1,235 patients and 200 controls	11 years	• No difference in testosterone level was found • Higher age-adjusted LH levels vs. controls • Age-adjusted ratio for hypogonadism = 3.8
Huddart et al. (24)	Case–control	680 patients	>5 years post-treatment	• Hypogonadism was more common in patients treated with chemotherapy plus radiotherapy (37%) vs. those treated with orchiectomy alone (6%) (p < 0.01) • High LH levels were found in 11% of patients treated with radiotherapy and in 10% of those treated with chemotherapy (p < 0.01 vs. orchiectomy alone) • Compared to baseline, a fall in testosterone levels was observed in patients treated with chemotherapy
Eberhard et al. (14)	Case–control	143 patients and 916 age-matched controls	0, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 60 months after therapy	• Chemotherapy and radiotherapy were both associated with risk for hypogonadism at T0, T6, and T12 • Microlithiasis predicted hypogonadism at all time points • Hypogonadism at T0 predicted the risk for hypogonadism at T6, T12, T24, and T36
Sprauten et al.(10)	Prospective	307 patients	18 years	• A significantly higher risk for low testosterone and high LH was found
Bandak et al. (22)	Meta-analysis	1,187 patients treated with chemotherapy and 671 patients treated with orchiectomy from 11 studies; 301 patients treated with chemotherapy plus non-conventional therapy and 531 patients treated with orchiectomy from 7 studies; 761 patients treated with radiotherapy and 494 patients treated with orchiectomy from 6 studies	1–12 years	• Compared to orchiectomy alone, risk for hypogonadism was significantly higher in chemotherapy (OR 1.8), non-conventional therapy (OR 3.1), and infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy (OR 1.6)
Kerns et al. (25)	Cross-sectional	1,214 patients treated with chemotherapy or post-chemotherapy RPLND	4.2 years post-treatment (range: 1 to 30 years)	• Hypogonadism occurs in 10.2% of patients

LH, luteinizing hormone; OR, odds ratio; RPLND, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection; T, time.