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. 2019 May 13;9:7275. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43771-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Diagram of the co-culture microbial fuel cell (MFC). The E. coli MG1655 and S. oneidensis MR-1 co-culture are grown in the anode chamber of the MFC. The green oval represents E. coli cells, while the red oval represents S. oneidensis cells. Lactose is hydrolyzed by LacZ to make glucose and galactose, which are then fermented to produce lactate in E. coli; the lactate is then utilized by S. oneidensis as its sole carbon and energy source. LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase. As S. oneidensis metabolizes lactate and donates electrons to the anode, protons cross the Nafion membrane from the anode chamber to the cathode chamber, thus creating a continuous current in the circuit. The current generated by the MFC was measured by a Keithley electrometer. Note: The picture of the electrometer was taken by Areen Banerjee and incorporated into the figure.