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. 2019 May 13;9:7263. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43784-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Exposure to cigarette smoke increases the motion of human epithelial cells. (a) Time evolution of spatially-averaged cell velocities during and after exposure to cigarette smoke is compared to those of control (clean air) cases. (b) Comparisons of the corresponding spatial RMS of the cell velocity. Each case is replicated twice with results shown separately. Sample instantaneous deviations from the spatially-averaged velocity for the (c) cigarette exposure, and (d) control cases.