Table 2.
Laboratory Characteristic of Patients at baseline.
| Variables | Propolis(n = 50) | Placebo(n = 44) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin A1C, % | 8.65 ± 1.24 | 8.78 ± 1.09 | 0.86 |
| 2-hour postprandial, mg/dl | 161.6 ± 50.38 | 168.05 ± 52.61 | 0.546 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dl | 176.6 ± 48.26 | 169.68 ± 49.42 | 0.559 |
| Insulin, μIU/ml | 14.03 ± 15.43 | 14.71 ± 12.77 | 0.82 |
| HOMA-IR | 6.03 ± 6.55 | 6.05 ± 5.02 | 0.986 |
| HOMAβ | 1.76 ± 2 | 1.91 ± 1.76 | 0.696 |
| BUN, mg/dl | 12.57 ± 3.07 | 12.84 ± 3.59 | 0.55 |
| Serum Cr, mg/dl | 0.81 ± 0.2 | 0.84 ± 0.3 | 0.555 |
| eGFR, ml/min | 110.91 ± 43.78 | 114.31 ± 74.83 | 0.37 |
| Uric acid, mg/dl | 3.82 ± 1.19 | 3.72 ± 1.54 | 0.736 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 162.8 ± 73.16 | 164.52 ± 121.46 | 0.933 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 149 ± 39.62 | 153 ± 43.91 | 0.645 |
| HDL-Cholesterol, mg/dl | 44.66 ± 8.69 | 43.98 ± 10.21 | 0.727 |
| LDL-Cholesterol, mg/dl | 71.73 ± 29.48 | 75.84 ± 26.2 | 0.485 |
| AST, IU/I | 27.42 ± 11.56 | 25.67 ± 9.98 | 0.441 |
| ALT, IU/I | 29.2 ± 26.26 | 26.91 ± 19.23 | 0.635 |
| ALP, IU/I | 240.68 ± 119.75 | 280.55 ± 255.11 | 0.325 |
| hs-CRP, ng/ml | 3589.74 ± 25.20.96 | 3925.92 ± 2546.47 | 0.522 |
| TNFα, pg/ml | 122.98 ± 115.44 | 130.24 ± 11.99 | 0.765 |
| IL-6, pg/ml | 32.88 ± 44.61 | 23.05 ± 22.03 | 0.37 |
| IL-1β, pg/ml | 34.84 ± 32.74 | 23.72 ± 13.42 | 0.391 |
Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation. HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMAβ, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkalin phosphatase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6.