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. 2019 May 13;9:7327. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43860-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) task. Visual representation of the three task phases to test for the PIT effect. During instrumental conditioning (a) participants learned the association between three instrumental responses and the associated reward or neutral outcome. During Pavlovian conditioning (b) the same rewards were associated with visual stimuli. During PIT (c) participants were asked to perform the again an instrumental choice under extinction (i.e., in the absence of rewards) while being presented with task-irrelevant Pavlovian stimuli.