Table 5.
Experimental findings to support the induction of endothelial cell retraction and death by ionizing radiation
| Time factor | Experimental model | Radiation quality (dose rate) | Total dose (Gray) | Experimental findings | Methods | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute | HBMVEC/HUVEC | γ-rays (Cs-137, 0.85 Gy/min) | 5 | Decreased transendothelial resistance 2–4 h after irradiation, Elevated number of holes in monolayer 3 h after irradiation, uncoupling of PECAM-1 3 h after irradiation | Transendothelial resistance measurement; permeability assay; immunocytochemistry for PECAM-1 | [162] |
| Acute | HUVEC |
X-rays (0.8–0.9 Gy/min) γ-rays (Cs-137, 0.85 Gy/min) Protons (0.1–1 Gy/min) Helium (0.1–1 Gy/min) |
5 5 2 5 |
Reduced transendothelial resistance, uncoupling of PECAM-1 and release of endothelial microparticles 3 h after irradiation | Transendothelial resistance measurement; immunocytochemistry for PECAM-1 | [163] |
| Acute | HMVEC | X-rays (0.5 Gy/min) | 5, 10, 20 | Enhanced actin remodeling, reduced endothelial adherens junctional integrity and elevated endothelial monolayer permeability 6–24 h after irradiation | Immunofluorescence for F-actin and VE-cadherin; permeability assay | [164] |
| Acute | BPAEC | γ-rays (Cs-137) | 2, 5, 10 | Elevated permeability 2, 2.5 and 3 h after irradiation | Microcarrier bead based permeability assay | [165] |
| Acute | MPMEC | X-rays (2.05 Gy/min) | 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1 | Increased endothelial cell death 2 days after 2.5 Gy irradiation; Time and dose-dependent cellular retraction and F-actin depolarization 1–24 h after irradiation | Clonogenic assay, bright field image analysis; immunocytochemistry for F-actin | [166] |
| Acute | MPMEC | X-rays (2.75 Gy/min) | 0.5, 1, 2 | Endothelial cell retraction 4–8 h after irradiation, linked to acute edema formation | Phase contrast photo microscopy, immunocytochemistry for F-actin, lung wet weight determination | [167] |
| Acute | HUVEC/HHSEC/HBMVEC/HOMVEC/HPMEC/HDMEC | γ-rays (Cs-137, 2–3 Gy/min) | 2, 4, 6 | Difference in radiation sensitivity between different endothelial cells | Clonogenic assay | [171] |
| Acute | EA.hy926 |
X-rays (0.855 Gy/min) Alpha (1 Gy/min) |
2, 4, 6, 8, 10 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 |
Difference in radiation sensitivity towards different radiation types | Clonogenic assay | [172] |
| Acute | HUVEC | X-rays (0.25 Gy/min) | 0.5, 5 | Elevated apoptosis 24, 48 and 72 h after irradiation | Flow cytometry with annexin-V and propidium iodide | [173] |
| Acute | EA.hy926 | X-rays (0.25 Gy/min) | 0.1, 0.5, 5 | Elevated apoptosis 24, 48 and 72 h after irradiation | Flow cytometry with annexin-V and propidium iodide | [173] |
| Acute | BAEC | γ-rays (Cs-137, 1 Gy/min) | 10 | Elevated ceramide levels 30 s to 10 min after irradiation | Diacylglycerol kinase assay | [174] |
| Acute | BAMVEC | X-rays (1.24 Gy/min) | 2–10 | Elevated endothelial apoptosis 6 h after irradiation | DNA fragmentation assay | [179] |
| Acute | EA.hy926 | γ-rays (Co-60, 0.02 or 0.19 Gy/min) | 5 | Elevated endothelial apoptosis 24 hafter irradiation | Flow cytometry with caspase-3 activity assay and SubG1 fraction analysis | [180] |
| Acute | EA.hy926 | X-rays (4 Gy/min) | 0.3, 0.7, 1, 3 | Elevated endothelial apoptosis 24 hafter irradiation | Flow cytometry with annexin-V and propidium iodide; Caspase 3/7 activity assay | [82] |
Co Cobalt, Cs Cesium