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. 2019 May 8;12:323–331. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S197946

Table 2.

The chemical structure, known and novel properties of glycerol and xylitol

Glycerol Xylitol
Chemical structure graphic file with name CCID-12-323-i0001.jpg graphic file with name CCID-12-323-i0002.jpg
Known properties in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-irritant effects16–18
Composition of the bacterial osmolyte system19 Inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1β expression in vitro20
HLA-DR mRNA suppression21 Filaggrin mRNA upregulation21
Novel in vitro features in HaCaT keratinocytes exposed to hyperosmotic stress Suppression of IL-1α
Amelioration of cell viability Prevention of rapid intracellular Ca2+ signal
Decrease in the expression of IL-1β and NFAT5