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. 2019 May 7;10:457. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00457

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Copyright © 2019 Lv, Zhou, Zhang, Chen and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The physiological and pathophysiological effects of spexin. AgRP, agouti gene-related protein; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BAAT, bile acid CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase; BAs, bile acids; BMI, body mass index; CA, cholic acid; CART, cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript; CCK, cholecystokinin; CDCA, chenodeoxycholate; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; CYP27A1, sterol 27-hydroxylase; CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1; CYP8B1, sterol 12α-hydroxylase; fshβ, follicle-stimulating hormone β; GalR2, galanin receptor 2; GalR3, galanin receptor 3; GCA, glycocholate; gh, growth hormone; gnih, gonadotropin inhibitory hormone; gnrh3, gonadotropin-releasing hormone 3; gthα, gonadotropin hormone α; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HNF4α, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha; HS/NAFLD, hepatic steatosis/nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; KOR, κ-opioid receptor; LCFA, long-chain fatty acid; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LH, luteinizing hormone; L-VDCC, L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel; MCH, melanin-concentrating hormone; NPY, neuropeptides Y; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; Pdyn, prodynorphin; POMC, proopiomelanocortin; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; Tβ-MCA, tauro-β-muricholate; taut, taurine transporter gene; TG, triglyceride; TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholate; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; green arrow, promotion; red arrow, inhibition. (Partial figure originated from Lin et al., 2018a,b).