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. 2019 May 7;9:311. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00311

Table 1A.

Characteristics of women enrolled in the hospital-based lung cancer case-control study in Bharatpur, Nepal, 2009–2012 (n = 493).

Cases (n = 267) Controls (n = 226) p-valuea
Mean ± SD
Age (years) 59.2 ± 11.6 53.2 ± 9.6 <0.0001
BMI (kg/m2) 20.1 ± 3.5 22.6 ± 4.0 <0.0001
Years of tobacco product use
 Cigarettes with filter 5.5 ± 12.5 3.8 ± 10.2 0.1
 Cigarettes without filter 24.9 ± 22.5 7.0 ± 13.6 <0.0001
 Bidi 12.3 ± 19.5 2.7 ± 8.9 <0.0001
 Choor/kankat 4.6 ± 13.0 0.9 ± 5.3 <0.0001
 Hooka/pipe & hashish 2.2 ± 10.8 0.5 ± 3.9 0.02
Cumulative number of active smoking years 49.6 ± 32.5 15.1 ± 23.2 <0.0001
Pack-years of smoking 24.7 ± 28.2 5.5 ± 11.9 <0.0001
N %b N %b p-valuec
Ethnicity <0.0001
 Brahmin 31 11.6 66 29.2
 Chettri 56 21 37 16.4
 Madishe/tharu 29 10.9 22 9.7
 Other 151 56.6 101 44.7
Marital status 0.0002
 Married 187 70.0 191 84.5
 Unmarried/widowed 80 30.0 35 15.5
Residential area 0.02
 Urban 35 13.1 47 20.8
 Rural 232 86.9 179 79.2
Education <0.0001
 None 242 90.6 157 69.5
 Elementary 15 5.6 42 18.6
 High school 10 3.8 27 12.0
Family monthly income (rupees) 0.0002
  ≤ 999 69 25.8 29 12.8
 1000–1999 74 27.7 55 24.3
 ≥ 2000 124 46.4 142 62.8
First degree family history of cancer (yes) 79 29.6 57 25.2 0.28
History of tuberculosis (yes) 30 11.2 11 4.9 0.01
History of asthma (yes) 23 8.6 14 6.2 0.3
History of pneumonia (yes)d 13 4.9 3 1.3 0.04
Alcohol consumption (ever) 94 35.2 42 18.6 <0.0001
Tobacco use (ever) 234 87.6 97 42.9 <0.0001

BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; N, number of participants.

a

P-values generated by t-test.

b

Percentages may not add up to 100 because of rounding.

c

P-values generated by chi-square test.

d

There was one missing value, which was not included in the test.