Table 1A.
Cases (n = 267) | Controls (n = 226) | p-valuea | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | |||||
Age (years) | 59.2 ± 11.6 | 53.2 ± 9.6 | <0.0001 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 20.1 ± 3.5 | 22.6 ± 4.0 | <0.0001 | ||
Years of tobacco product use | |||||
Cigarettes with filter | 5.5 ± 12.5 | 3.8 ± 10.2 | 0.1 | ||
Cigarettes without filter | 24.9 ± 22.5 | 7.0 ± 13.6 | <0.0001 | ||
Bidi | 12.3 ± 19.5 | 2.7 ± 8.9 | <0.0001 | ||
Choor/kankat | 4.6 ± 13.0 | 0.9 ± 5.3 | <0.0001 | ||
Hooka/pipe & hashish | 2.2 ± 10.8 | 0.5 ± 3.9 | 0.02 | ||
Cumulative number of active smoking years | 49.6 ± 32.5 | 15.1 ± 23.2 | <0.0001 | ||
Pack-years of smoking | 24.7 ± 28.2 | 5.5 ± 11.9 | <0.0001 | ||
N | %b | N | %b | p-valuec | |
Ethnicity | <0.0001 | ||||
Brahmin | 31 | 11.6 | 66 | 29.2 | |
Chettri | 56 | 21 | 37 | 16.4 | |
Madishe/tharu | 29 | 10.9 | 22 | 9.7 | |
Other | 151 | 56.6 | 101 | 44.7 | |
Marital status | 0.0002 | ||||
Married | 187 | 70.0 | 191 | 84.5 | |
Unmarried/widowed | 80 | 30.0 | 35 | 15.5 | |
Residential area | 0.02 | ||||
Urban | 35 | 13.1 | 47 | 20.8 | |
Rural | 232 | 86.9 | 179 | 79.2 | |
Education | <0.0001 | ||||
None | 242 | 90.6 | 157 | 69.5 | |
Elementary | 15 | 5.6 | 42 | 18.6 | |
High school | 10 | 3.8 | 27 | 12.0 | |
Family monthly income (rupees) | 0.0002 | ||||
≤ 999 | 69 | 25.8 | 29 | 12.8 | |
1000–1999 | 74 | 27.7 | 55 | 24.3 | |
≥ 2000 | 124 | 46.4 | 142 | 62.8 | |
First degree family history of cancer (yes) | 79 | 29.6 | 57 | 25.2 | 0.28 |
History of tuberculosis (yes) | 30 | 11.2 | 11 | 4.9 | 0.01 |
History of asthma (yes) | 23 | 8.6 | 14 | 6.2 | 0.3 |
History of pneumonia (yes)d | 13 | 4.9 | 3 | 1.3 | 0.04 |
Alcohol consumption (ever) | 94 | 35.2 | 42 | 18.6 | <0.0001 |
Tobacco use (ever) | 234 | 87.6 | 97 | 42.9 | <0.0001 |
BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; N, number of participants.
P-values generated by t-test.
Percentages may not add up to 100 because of rounding.
P-values generated by chi-square test.
There was one missing value, which was not included in the test.