Table 2.

Cognitive outcome after epilepsy surgery in children with focal cortical dysplasia/malformation of cortical development

Study	No. of patients	Inclusion criteria	Comments
Roulet-Perez et al. [43] (2010)	11 (P)	Early refractory epilepsy	Only child with FCD type llb showed developmental improvement.
		2 FCD type Ila, 4 FCD type Ilb*
Ramantani et al. [41] (2013)	30 (P)	Early refractory epilepsy	Most of patients (93%) showed stabilized developmental trajectories rather than catch-up.
		Age at surgery under 3 years
		24 MCD, 6 glioneuronal tumor included
Chen et al. [7] (2014)	30 (P)	All FCD (1 FCD type Ia, 7 FCD type Ib, 7 FCD type IIa, 12 FCD type IIb, 3 FCD type III)†	Early seizure onset without cognitive function deficit and early surgical intervention showed best cognitive outcome.
Ramirez-Molina et al. [42] (2017)	106 (66 A & 40 P)	Only FCD type II†	Both groups showed cognitive improvement after surgery. Age at surgery (duration of epilepsy) did not affect cognitive outcome.

^*Pathology based on Palmini classification [39] : FCD type IIa (dysmorphic neurons without balloon cells), and FCD type IIb (dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells).

^†Pathology based on the new ILAE classification [5] : FCD type Ia (abnormal radial cortical lamination), FCD type Ib (abnormal tangential cortical lamination), FCD type IIa (dysmorphic neurons without balloon cells), FCD type IIb (dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells), FCD type III (FCD with another principal lesions).

P : pediatrics, FCD : focal cortical dysplasia, A : adults, MCD : malformation of cortical development