Figure 3.
The expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α, MIP‐1β and IL‐1β in supernatant of stimulated monocytes were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); 1 × 105 untouched monocytes of mild (n = 20) and severe (n = 20) cases were seeded in each well of 96‐well plates and stimulated with 20 ng/ml granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), GM‐CSF + lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 μg/ml), GM‐CSF + R848 (10 μg/ml) and GM‐CSF + enterovirus A71 (EV‐A71) [0·5 multiplicity of infection (MOI)/200 μl] for 48 h. The mean values and the standard deviation are indicated. Differences between groups were assessed using the non‐parametric Wilcoxon matched‐pairs test.