Figure 6.

Untouched monocytes were negatively isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors and treated by anti‐programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) monoclonal antibody (MIH1) or mouse immunoglobulin (Ig)G1κ isotype control antibodies for 6 h. The monocytes were co‐cultured with 20 ng/ml granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and 0·5 multiplicity of infection (MOI) enterovirus A71 (EV‐A71) or 10 µg/ml R848 into 96‐well tissue culture plates for 3 days and the culture supernatants were collected for monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) detection. Differences between groups were assessed using the non‐parametric Wilcoxon matched‐pairs test.