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. 2019 Feb 17;196(3):403–414. doi: 10.1111/cei.13269

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© 2019 The Authors Clinical & Experimental Immunology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Society for Immunology

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Characterization of peripheral B cells in patients at time of acute rejection (AR) or controls. (a) In all samples immunoglobulin (Ig)M gene expression levels remained stable, whereas (b) IgG gene expression levels were decreased at time of AR. (c) Polyclonal B cell activation did not show a difference in proliferative capacity between patients with AR or stable patients, or within the patient groups in time. (d) Ratio of IgM over IgG producing numbers of B cells upon polyclonal activation as measured by enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT) revealed that patients with AR and patients with stable graft function show a similar increase in IgM‐producing B cells from the moment of discharge. Level of significance: *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, ***P < 0·001.