Table 3.
HEV-RNA reactivity rates in blood donations across 8 EU countries
| EU country | Time frame | Testing strategy | Donations screened, n | Sample/ MP size | HEV RNA+, n | Donation reactivity rate (%) | Genotype (GT) | Donor viral load range, IU/mL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ireland↑ | January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2017 | U | 279,938 | ID-NAT | 59 | 1 in 4,745 (0.02) | Mostly 3c; 3e | 14–260,000 |
| UK [26] | January 1 to December 31, 2017 | S + U | 1,598,001 | MP-16/-24 | 335 | 1 in 4,771 (0.02) | N/A | N/A |
| UK, England [26] | January 1 to December 31, 2017 | S + U | 1,330,925 | MP-24 | 281 | 1 in 4,736 (0.02) | N/A | N/A |
| UK, England [27] | October 8, 2012, to September 30, 2013 | U1 | 225,000 | MP-24 | 79 | 1 in 2,848 (0.035) | Most (43/54) GT3(abcdhij) | 50–2,370,000 |
| UK, Scotland [26] | January 1 to December 31, 2017 | S + U | 149,869 | MP-16/-24 | 40 | 1 in 3,747 (0.03) | N/A | N/A |
| UK, Scotland [14] | February 2016 to May 2017 | S + U | 94,302 | MP-24 | 38 | 1 in 2,481 (0.04) | Mostly 3c; 3e | N/A |
| UK, Wales [26] | January 1 to December 31, 2017 | S + U | 77,722 | MP-16/-24 | 9 | 1 in 8,636 (0.01) | N/A | N/A |
| UK, Northern Ireland [26] | January 1 to December 31, 2017 | S + U | 39,485 | MP-24 | 5 | 1 in 7,897 (0.01) | N/A | N/A |
| France [7, 28] | 2012; 2014–2015 | S + U | 95,334 | ID-NATMP-6/-96 | 59 | 1 in 1,616 (0.062) | Mostly 3f; 3c | N/A |
| France [7] | November 27, 2012 | S | 53,234 | MP-96 | 24 | 1 in 2,218 (0.045) | 3f (59%), 3c (36%) | 468–5,155,800 |
| France [28] | November 1, 2014, to September 30, 2015 | S | 36,889 | MP-6 | 28 | 1 in 1,317 (0.075) | 3 | N/A |
| France [28] | June and July 2015 | U1 | 5,211 | ID-NAT | 7 | 1 in 744 (0.13) | N/A | <100–1,935 |
| The Netherlands [8]2 | 2013–2018 | S + U | 397,290 | MP-24/-96/-192 | 200 | 1 in 1,987 (0.05) | Mostly 3c; 3f | N/A |
| The Netherlands [8] | January 2013 to December 2014 | S | 59,474 | MP-96/-192 | 45 | 1 in 1,322 (0.076) | Mostly 3c; 3f | 80–2,320,000 |
| The Netherlands2 | July 3, 2017, to April 19, 2018 | U | 337,816 | MP-24 | 155 | 1 in 2,179 (0.046) | Mostly 3c; 3f | 10–25,700,000 |
| Germany [29, 30] | 2015–2017 | U1 | 254,261 | MP-24/-96 | 205 | 1 in 1,241 (0.08) | N/A | N/A |
| Germany [29] | January 2015 to July 2017 | U1 | 235,524 | MP-96 | 182 | 1 in 1,294 (0.077) | 3 | <25–520,000 |
| Germany [30] | October 2016 to May 2017 | U1 | 18,737 | MP-24 | 23 | 1 in 815 (0.12) | Most (6/7) GT3 (abcdhij) | 120–11,200,000 |
| Spain2 | November 1, 2017, to April 30, 2018 | U1 | 111,534 | MP-16 | 29 | 1 in 3,846 (0.026) | Mostly 3f; 3c | <40 to >1,000,000 |
| Austria [31] | 2016–2017 | S | 155,691 | MP-96 | 29 | 1 in 5,369 (0.02) | 3 | N/A |
| Luxembourg | 2017 | S | 914 | MP-96 | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| Total for 8 EU countries | Nov 2012 to Apr 2018 | U + S | 3,210,731 | All | 1,033 | 1 in 3,109 (0.032) | Mostly 3c; 3f, 3e | 14–25,700,000 |
↑
unpublished data; U, universal screening; S, selective screening; ID, individual donation; MP, mini-pool size; +, positive; N/A, data not available.
1
Universal donation screening in some regions within the EU country.2 Personal communication (see text for details).