Table 2.
Risk of unadjusted persistent opioid use (three definitions) for patients who received short acting opioids excluding tramadol, tramadol only, tramadol and another short acting opioids, any long acting opioids, or no opioids at discharge (cohort with 180 days follow-up). Values are numbers (percentages)
| Definition | All patients (n=444 764) | No opioid fill (n=86 880) | Tramadol only (n=13 519) | Other short acting opioid (n=333 289) | Tramadol + other short acting opioid (n=5457) | Any long acting opioid (n=5619) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Additional opioid use after surgery* | 31 431 (7.07) | 3849 (4.43) | 1066 (7.89) | 25 388 (7.62) | 543 (9.95) | 585 (10.41) |
| Persistent opioid use after surgery† | 4457 (1.00) | 314 (0.36) | 194 (1.44) | 3559 (1.07) | 149 (2.73) | 241 (4.29) |
| CONSORT definition of chronic opioid use‡ | 2027 (0.46) | 175 (0.20) | 78 (0.58) | 1573 (0.47) | 71 (1.30) | 130 (2.31) |
*
At least one opioid fill 90-180 days after surgery.
†
Any span of opioid use starting in 180 days after surgery and lasting ≥90 days.
‡
Opioid use episode starting in 180 days after surgery that spans ≥90 days and includes either ≥10 opioid fills or ≥120 days’ supply of opioids.