Figure 5.

The effects on NF-κB, PKC-δ, and TNFR2 expressions in the absence (CdCl₂) and presence of RA (CdCl₂ + RA) in vitro on mouse proximal tubular epithelial cells. The relative band intensities were assessed, and the intensity of the normal control band was assigned as 1. β-Actin served as the loading control. Data are represented as means ± SD, n = 3 (number of plates). ^# Values significantly (p < 0.01) differ from normal control.. ** Values significantly (p < 0.01) differ from CdCl₂ control. Group I: untreated, Group II: RA (40 µM), Group III: CdCl₂ (40 µM), and Group IV: CdCl₂ (40 µM) + RA (40 µM).