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. 2019 Apr 19;20(8):1928. doi: 10.3390/ijms20081928

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of cyanidin and its glycosides on the viability of HMEC-1 cells determined using XTT (white bars) and Hoechst (crossed bars) assays (A). The ability of the compounds to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest: The percentage of early and late apoptotic and necrotic cells (B) and live cells (C) determined using flow cytometry assay of apoptosis, and the distribution of G1, S and G2, stages of the HMEC-1 cell cycle (D). The cells were incubated for 48 h with cyanidin and its glycosides at a concentration of 100 µM (viability assay) and at 50 µM (apoptosis and cell cycle flow cytometry assays). Cyanidin (C), cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside (CA), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (CG), cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (CGA), cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (CR), and cyanidin-3-5-O- diglucoside (CDG), control (0), and 0.5% ethanol-treated (0′) cells. Values are means ± SD (n = 3) of triplicate experiments. Statistically significant differences between the control and compound-modified cells are denoted as ^**α = 0.01.

Effect of cyanidin and its glycosides on the viability of HMEC-1 cells determined using XTT (white bars) and Hoechst (crossed bars) assays (A). The ability of the compounds to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest: The percentage of early and late apoptotic and necrotic cells (B) and live cells (C) determined using flow cytometry assay of apoptosis, and the distribution of G1, S and G2, stages of the HMEC-1 cell cycle (D). The cells were incubated for 48 h with cyanidin and its glycosides at a concentration of 100 µM (viability assay) and at 50 µM (apoptosis and cell cycle flow cytometry assays). Cyanidin (C), cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside (CA), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (CG), cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (CGA), cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (CR), and cyanidin-3-5-O- diglucoside (CDG), control (0), and 0.5% ethanol-treated (0′) cells. Values are means ± SD (n = 3) of triplicate experiments. Statistically significant differences between the control and compound-modified cells are denoted as ^**α = 0.01.