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. 2019 Apr 17;20(8):1896. doi: 10.3390/ijms20081896

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Suggested model of anti-helminth immunity by intestinal inflammatory ILC2s (iILC2s). KLRG1^hi iILC2s express IL-5 in response to IL-25-dependent activation to recruit eosinophils that amplify worm expulsion. In parallel, iILC2s convert into natural ILC2s (nILC2s) (indicated by dashed arrow) that downregulate KLRG1 and express IL-13 thereby promoting goblet cell hyperplasia and increased mucus production to restore the function of the intestinal epithelium. Solid arrows indicate the release and effect of the respective stimulus.