Table 1.

Overview of the regulation of different targets related to hepatic metabolism via glucagon-induced acetylation in different physiological states.

Physiological/Pathological State	Enzyme	Acetylation/Deacetylation	Targets	Effect	Metabolic Response	Reference
Fasting state	P300	Acetylation	CRTC2	Stimulatory	Gluconeogenesis↑	[25,34]
			FOXO1	Stimulatory	Gluconeogenesis↑	[26,35]
Fasting state	Ets-1	Acetylation	FOXO1	Inhibitory	Gluconeogenesis↓	[36]
Fasting state	SIRT6 and GCN5	Acetylation and Deacetylation	PGC1-α	Inhibitory	Gluconeogenesis↓	[37,38,39]
Fasting state	/	Acetylation	GP	Inhibitory	Gluconeogenesis↓	[40]
Prolonged fasting state	SIRT1	Deacetylation	CRTC2	Inhibitory	Gluconeogenesis↓	[25]
			FOXO1	Stimulatory	Gluconeogenesis↑	[25]
Fasting state	class IIa HDACs	Deacetylation	FOXOs	Stimulatory	Gluconeogenesis↑	[41]
Fasting state	SIRT3	Deacetylation	LCAD	Stimulatory	FFA oxidation↑ FFA accumulation↓	[42]
			/	Stimulatory	FFA oxidation↑FFA synthesis↓	[43]
Fasting state	SIRT1	Deacetylation	PPAR-α	Stimulatory	FFA oxidation↑	[44,45]
			Foxa2	Inhibitory	FFA oxidation↑	[46,47]
Fasting state	PCAF	Acetylation	CREBH	Stimulatory	FFA synthesis↓	[31,48]
Prolonged fasting state	SIRT1	Deacetylation	CREBH	Stimulatory	FFA synthesis↓	[31]
Fasting state	SIRT1	Deacetylation	SREBP-1c	Inhibitory	FFA synthesis↓	[29]
Fasting state	SIRT3 and SIRT5	Deacetylation	CPS1 and OTC	Stimulatory	Ureagenesis↑	[49,50]
NAFLD	SIRT1	Deacetylation	NF-κB	Inhibitory	Inflammation↓	[51,52]
Hepatic fibrosis	SIRT1	Deacetylation	STAT3	Inhibitory	Inflammation↓	[53,54]
Hepatic fibrosis	SIRT1	Deacetylation	TGF-β	Inhibitory	Inflammation↓	[55,56]
Liver cancer	PCAF	Acetylation	PGK1	Stimulatory	Glycolysis↑ Cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis↑	[57]
Liver cancer	PCAF	Acetylation	PKM2	Inhibitory	Tumor growth and cell proliferation↑	[58,59]
Liver cancer	GCN5	Acetylation	PGC-1α	Inhibitory	Glycolysis↑	[60]
Liver cancer	SIRT1	Deacetylation	PGC-1α	Stimulatory	Glycolysis↓	[61]
Liver cancer	P300	Acetylation	FOXO1	Inhibitory	Glycolysis↑ Cancer cell growth↑	[62,63]