Table 2.

Biological activity of acemannan in vitro.

Source	Target	Dose	Biological Activities	Action or Mechanism	Reference
Fresh gel	Human gingival fibroblasts	16 mg/mL	Oral wound healing	Proliferation (+); keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) (+); VEGF (+); type I collagen production (+)	[7]
Fresh gel	Human gingival fibroblasts	10 mg/mL	Oral wound healing	IL-6 (+); IL−8 (+); p50/DNA (+); TLR5/NF-κB (+); Binds with TLR5 ectodomain flagellin recognition sites	[33]
Freeze-dried gel	Immature dendritic cells (mice)	100 µg/mL	Immunomodulatory	Induce maturation of immature DCs; mixed lymphocyte reaction; IL-12 (+)	[42]
Fresh gel	Bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) (rat)	8 mg/mL	Periodontal tissue regeneration	BMSC proliferation (+); vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) (+); ALPase activity (+); bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) (+); bone sialoprotein (BSP) (+); osteopontin(OPN) (+); mineralization (+)	[46]
Fresh gel	RAW 264.7 cells (mouse)	100 µg/mL	Immunomodulatory	IL-6 (+); TNF-α (+); surface antigen expression (+); IFN-γ (+)	[70]
Fresh gel	Tumoral cells (murine, human)	0.6 mg/mL	Antitumor	Spontaneous proliferation (−); CD25 (+)	[76]
Fresh gel	Peritoneal macrophages (mice)	500 µg/mL	Induced tumor cell cytotoxicity	Endocytosis (+); murine macrophage stimulation	[77]
Fresh gel	Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, human fecal bacteria	3 g/L	Prebiotics	Growth (+); butyrate (+); propionate (+); SCFA (+)	[62]
Fresh gel	Hepatocytes (rat)	0.4–250 µg/mL	Antigenotoxic	3H]B[a]P-DNA adduct formation (−)	[83]
Fresh gel	Human periodontal ligament cells	4 mg/mL	Periodontal tissue regeneration	Cell proliferation (+); RUNX2 (+); GDF5(+); VEGF (+); BMP2 (+); COL1 (+); ALP (+); mineral deposition (+)	[84]
Fresh gel	Human periodontal ligament cells, pulpal cells	1 mg/mL	Periodontal regeneration	BMP2 mRNA (+) and protein (+)	[85]
Fresh gel	Human primary dental pulpal cells	---	Periodontal regeneration	Proliferation (+); alkaline phosphatase (+), type I collagen (+); BMP-2 (+); BMP-4 (+); vascular endothelial growth factor (+); dentin sialo protein expression (+); mineralization (+)	[86]
LGM Pharma	Skin primary fibroblasts (mice)	150 µg/mL	Cell proliferation	Cyclin D1 (+); eukaryotic translation initiation factor-4F (eIF4F) (+); activation of AKT/mTOR	[87]