| MK-4 | menaquinone-4 |
| GSIS | glucose-stimulated insulin secretion |
| GIP | glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide |
| GLP-1 | glucagon-like peptide-1 |
| T2DM | type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| CRE | cAMP response element |
| DDP-4 | dipeptidyl peptidase-4 |
| PKA | protein kinase A |
| Epac2 | exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 2 |
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