| PAGR | purified anthraquinone-Glycoside from Rheum palmatum L. |
| STZ | streptozotocin |
| T2DM | type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| NC | normal |
| Met | metformin |
| Mid | medium |
| Hig | high |
| FBG | fasting blood glucose |
| TC | total cholesterol |
| TG | triglyceride |
| SOD | superoxide dismutase |
| GSH-PX | glutathione peroxidase |
| Cyt-c | cytochrome C |
| HPLC | High-Performance Liquid Chromatography |
| BUN | blood urea nitrogen |
| H&E | hematoxylin and eosin |
| SD | standard deviation |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| RNS | reactive nitrogen species |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| SDS-PAGE | sodium dodecyl sulfate polypropylene gel electrophoresis |
| PVDF | polyvinylidene difluoride |