Table 2.

Association of glucosamine supplement use with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) event and CVD death. Values are number (%) unless stated otherwise

CVD event or death	Glucosamine non-user	Glucosamine user	Age adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value	Multivariate adjusted hazard ratio* (95% CI)	P value
CVD event†	8436 (2.2)	1768 (2.0)	0.71 (0.68 to 0.75)	<0.001	0.85 (0.80 to 0.90)	<0.001
CVD death	2580 (0.7)	480 (0.5)	0.61 (0.55 to 0.67)	<0.001	0.78 (0.70 to 0.87)	<0.001
CHD:	4820 (1.3)	925 (1.0)	0.66 (0.62 to 0.71)	<0.001	0.82 (0.76 to 0.88)	<0.001
Non-fatal	3823 (1.0)	776 (0.9)	0.71 (0.66 to 0.77)	<0.001	0.84 (0.77 to 0.91)	<0.001
Fatal	997 (0.3)	149 (0.2)	0.50 (0.42 to 0.59)	<0.001	0.70 (0.59 to 0.85)	<0.001
Stroke:	2623 (0.7)	640 (0.7)	0.82 (0.75 to 0.90)	<0.001	0.91 (0.83 to 1.00)	0.04
Non-fatal	2271 (0.6)	555 (0.6)	0.83 (0.75 to 0.91)	<0.001	0.91 (0.82 to 1.01)	0.08
Fatal	352 (0.1)	85 (0.1)	0.79 (0.62 to 1.00)	0.05	0.87(0.68 to 1.13)	0.30
Ischemic	1833 (0.5)	441 (0.5)	0.79 (0.71 to 0.88)	<0.001	0.92 (0.82 to 1.03)	0.14
Hemorrhagic	696 (0.2)	175 (0.2)	0.89 (0.75 to 1.05)	0.16	0.89 (0.75 to 1.07)	0.21

£1.00=$1.30, €1.20.

CHD=coronary heart disease.

^*Adjusted for age, sex, race (white European, mixed, South Asian, black, others), average total annual household income (<£18 000, £18 000-£30 999, £31 000-£51 999, £52 000-£100 000, >£100 000, and “do not know” or missing), body mass index, smoking status (never, former, current, or missing), alcohol intake, physical activity (<150 or ≥150 min/week), diabetes (yes, no, or missing), hypertension (yes or no), high cholesterol (yes or no), arthritis (yes or no), antihypertensive drugs (yes or no), lipid treatment (yes or no), insulin treatment (yes or no), aspirin use (yes or no), non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (yes or no), vitamin supplement use (yes or no), mineral and other dietary supplement use (yes or no), and healthy diet (yes or no).

^†Composite endpoint of first major cardiovascular event (CVD death, CHD, or stroke).