Table 4.
Concentration of volatile compounds influenced by various drying methods and conditions.
| Compound | RT | Retention Indexes | Concentration (mg 100 g−1 db) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exp | Lit | Fresh | FD | CD (40 °C) |
CD (50 °C) |
CD (60 °C) |
VMD (6 W/g) |
VMD (9 W/g) |
VMD (12 W/g) | CPD-VMFD | ||
| 2-Hexenal | 4.770 | 843 | 851 | 60.28 | 2.98 | 7. 19 | 5.57 | 6.71 | 0.45 | 1.07 | 4.89 | 2.13 |
| 2-Hexen-1-ol, (E)- | 5.030 | 858 | 862 | 10.11 | 0.65 | 0.82 | 0.50 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 1.66 | 0.31 |
| 1-Hexanol | 5.070 | 861 | 868 | 18.70 | 1.85 | 0.78 | 0.62 | 0.80 | 0.02 | 0.95 | 6.37 | 0.43 |
| 2-Heptanol | 5.810 | 899 | 901 | 1.62 | 0.33 | 1.37 | 0.58 | 0.80 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 1.11 | 0.37 |
| Anisole | 6.330 | 917 | 920 | 1.29 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.09 |
| Benzaldehyde | 7.500 | 959 | 962 | 8.37 | 0.91 | 1.99 | 0.71 | 0.65 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 1.10 | 0.31 |
| 1-Octen-3-ol | 8.180 | 883 | 880 | 2.75 | 0.24 | 1.67 | 1.02 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 1.15 | 0.04 |
| Phenol | 8.100 | 980 | 980 | 5.02 | 1.02 | 0.96 | 0.32 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.38 | 1.00 | 0.24 |
| 5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl- | 8.260 | 986 | 986 | 4.62 | 1.08 | 3.46 | 2.40 | 2.12 | 0.48 | 1.34 | 7.50 | 1.18 |
| 3-Octanol | 8.430 | 992 | 994 | 3.68 | 0.46 | 1.01 | 0.76 | 1.10 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 1.60 | 0.34 |
| 5-Hepten-2-ol, 6-methyl- | 8.570 | 997 | 994 | 1.19 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.91 | 0.00 |
| Hexanoic acid, ethyl ester | 8.670 | 1000 | 1000 | 2.21 | 1.33 | 2.47 | 0.51 | 1.27 | 0.16 | 0.42 | 2.63 | 0.16 |
| Octanal | 8.750 | 1002 | 1003 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.41 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.02 |
| Anisole, o-methyl- | 9.000 | 1010 | 1009 | 0.95 | 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.31 | 0.05 |
| Acetic acid, hexyl ester | 9.100 | 1013 | 1011 | 0.36 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.00 |
| 4-Hepten-1-ol, 6-methyl- | 9.230 | 1017 | 1020 | 3.36 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.18 |
| 3-Ethyl-4-methylpentan-1-ol | 9.320 | 1020 | 1023 | 8.47 | 0.50 | 2.11 | 0.78 | 0.87 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.59 | 0.35 |
| p-Cymene | 9.470 | 1024 | 1025 | 1.18 | 0.04 | 0.68 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.37 | 0.07 |
| Limonene | 9.610 | 1029 | 1030 | 2.18 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 1.25 | 0.41 |
| Eucalyptol | 9.700 | 1031 | 1032 | 1.92 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 1.88 |
| Benzyl alcohol | 9.800 | 1035 | 1036 | 13.42 | 2.92 | 4.67 | 2.81 | 2.86 | 0.49 | 1.22 | 4.36 | 0.01 |
| Benzeneacetaldehyde | 10.070 | 1042 | 1045 | 3.28 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 0.48 | 0.63 | 0.06 | 0.37 | 0.98 | 0.28 |
| Ether, benzyl ethyl | 10.500 | 1056 | 1046 | 2.51 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.02 |
| Fenchone | 11.580 | 1088 | 1096 | 7.99 | 0.22 | 0.57 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 1.18 | 0.05 |
| 2-Nonanone | 11.660 | 1091 | 1092 | 1.01 | 0.08 | 0.40 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.32 | 0.04 |
| Ethyl (4E)-4-heptenoate | 11.740 | 1094 | 1090 | 3.63 | 0.64 | 1.03 | 0.53 | 0.67 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.01 |
| Linalool | 11.960 | 1100 | 1099 | 10.59 | 0.75 | 2.95 | 1.26 | 1.20 | 0.13 | 0.33 | 1.80 | 0.46 |
| Nonanal | 12.080 | 1104 | 1104 | 2.81 | 0.16 | 0.91 | 0.45 | 0.86 | 0.09 | 0.27 | 0.97 | 0.15 |
| β-Thujone | 12.180 | 1107 | 1114 | 1.12 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.44 | 0.59 | 0.07 | 0.39 | 1.11 | 0.20 |
| Phenylethyl alcohol | 12.440 | 1114 | 1116 | 1.82 | 0.42 | 3.90 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 1.60 | 0.08 |
| 3-Thujanone | 12.560 | 1118 | 1119 | 1.01 | 0.69 | 0.66 | 1.01 | 1.17 | 0.09 | 0.67 | 2.20 | 0.15 |
| Veratrol | 13.540 | 1147 | 1148 | 6.49 | 0.47 | 1.65 | 0.44 | 0.54 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.62 | 0.23 |
| 2,6-Nonadienal, (E,Z)- | 13.770 | 1153 | 1155 | 5.75 | 0.21 | 0.72 | 0.24 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.12 |
| 2-Nonenal, (E)- | 14.000 | 1160 | 1162 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 1.48 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.36 |
| endo-Borneol | 14.260 | 1167 | 1167 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 1.13 | 0.39 | 0.66 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.29 |
| Hexanoic acid, butyl ester | 15.070 | 1191 | 1189 | 1.20 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.03 |
| Methyl salicylate | 15.200 | 1195 | 1192 | 5.18 | 0.27 | 1.18 | 0.06 | 0.78 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.38 |
| 2-Octynoic acid, methyl ester | 15.550 | 1210 | 1212 | 2.91 | 0.16 | 0.73 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.53 | 0.25 |
| Citronellol | 16.330 | 1228 | 1228 | 13.26 | 0.93 | 2.96 | 1.28 | 1.91 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.06 | 0.81 |
| Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, hexyl ester | 16.650 | 1238 | 1236 | 1.56 | 0.21 | 1.19 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.70 | 0.23 |
| D-Carvone | 16.900 | 1245 | 1246 | 0.65 | 0.22 | 0.90 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.80 | 0.19 |
| Salicylic acid, ethyl ester | 17.850 | 1274 | 1270 | 15.05 | 0.58 | 1.32 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.70 | 0.27 |
| 2-Undecanone | 18.480 | 1293 | 1294 | 2.62 | 0.01 | 2.13 | 0.17 | 0.48 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.51 | 0.01 |
| Nonanoic acid, ethyl ester | 18.620 | 1296 | 1296 | 0.55 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| Methyl 4-methylsalicylate | 19.270 | 1319 | - | 1.86 | 0.17 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.08 |
| β-Cubebene | 21.400 | 1391 | 1389 | 2.54 | 0.08 | 1.38 | 0.56 | 0.87 | 0.04 | 0.28 | 0.84 | 0.35 |
| Geranyl acetone | 22.800 | 1457 | 1453 | 0.86 | 0.10 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.35 | 0.13 |
| trans-β-Ionone | 23.440 | 1489 | 1486 | 2.59 | 0.24 | 0.80 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.07 | 0.27 | 0.78 | 0.23 |
| Widdrol | 25.450 | 1618 | 1610 | 1.92 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
| Isopropyl myristate | 27.400 | 1825 | 1827 | 1.10 | 0.05 | 0.53 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.68 | 0.06 |
| TOTAL | 254.79 a | 24.91 c | 61.85 b | 29.73 c | 34.55 c | 11.91 d | 11.93 d | 55.67 b | 14.04 c,d | |||
RT—retention time; RI—retention index; Exp—experimental; Lit—literature; FD—freeze drying; CD—convective drying; VMD—vacuum microwave drying; CPD—convective pre-drying; VMFD—vacuum microwave finish drying; nd—not detected. a NS, not significant F ratio (p < 0.05); b Treatment means of the ANOVA test; Values followed by the same letter, within the same row, are not significantly different (p < 0.05), according to Tukey’s multiple-range test.