Table 2.
List of 52 differentially expressed genes of skeletal muscle in cancer cachexia samples.
| Official Symbol | Species | Function | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| Up-Regulated | |||
| TIE1 | H | Regulation of angiogenesis | Cell Membrane |
| EIF3I | H | Cell proliferation, including cell cycling, differentiation and apoptosis | Cytoplasm |
| HGS | H | Intracellular signal transduction mediated by cytokines and growth factors | Cytoplasm |
| NUDC | H | Neurogenesis and neuronal migration | Cytoplasm |
| PCK1 | H | Metabolic pathway that produces glucose | Cytoplasm |
| TSC2 | H | Negatively regulating mTORC1 signaling and playing a role in microtubule-mediated protein transport | Cytoplasm |
| CAMK2B | H | Regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport in skeletal muscle | Cytoplasm; Sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane |
| POLRMT | H | Transcription of mitochondrial DNA into RNA | Mitochondrion |
| COMP | H | Suppressor of apoptosis; interact with extracellular matrix proteins such as the collagens and fibronectin | Secreted - ECM |
| MMP3 | H | Degrade fibronectin, laminin, gelatins, collagens, and cartilage proteoglycans | Secreted - ECM |
| ADIPOQ | H | Control of fat metabolism, insulin sensitivity, cell growth, angiogenesis and tissue remodeling | Secreted - ER |
| ANGPTL7 | H | Anti-angiogenic protein and play a role in extracellular matrix formation | Secreted - ER |
| Kcnip4 | M | Modulates channel expression at the cell membrane | Cell Membrane |
| Pnpla2 | M | Response of the organism to starvation, enhancing hydrolysis of triglycerides and providing free fatty acids to other tissues | Cell Membrane |
| Socs3 | M | Negative regulation of cytokines that signal through the JAK/STAT pathway | Cytoplasm |
| Foxo1 | M | Autophagic cell death induction in response to starvation or oxidative stress | Cytoplasm and Nucleus |
| Stat3 | M | Signal transducer and transcription activator that mediates cellular responses to interleukins and growth factors | Cytoplasm and Nucleus |
| Ufd1 | M | Promote ubiquitination and degradation | Cytoplasm and Nucleus |
| C1s1 | M | Serine protease | Extracellular exosome; Extracellular space |
| Ucp3 | M | Thermogenesis and energy balance | Mitochondrion |
| Cebpd | M | Immune and inflammatory responses. Transcriptional activator that enhances IL6 transcription | Nucleus |
| Junb | M | Regulate gene activity following the primary growth factor response | Nucleus |
| Fgg | M | Guide cell migration during re-epithelialization | Secreted |
| HP | M | Antibacterial activity and plays a role in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response | Secreted |
| Mstn | M | Acts specifically as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth | Secreted |
| Saa1 | M | Major acute phase protein | Secreted |
| Serpina3n | M | Response to cytokine | Secreted |
| FBXO32 | H, M | Proteasomal degradation of target proteins during skeletal muscle atrophy | Cytoplasm and Nucleus |
| TRIM63 | H, M | Regulates the proteasomal degradation of muscle proteins and inhibits de novo skeletal muscle protein synthesis | Cytoplasm and Nucleus |
| Down-Regulated | |||
| APCDD1 | H | Negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway | Cell Membrane |
| ADCY7 | H | Membrane-bound, calcium-inhibitable adenylyl cyclase | Cell Membrane |
| GABARAPL1 | H | Autophagosome maturation | Cytoplasm |
| HINT3 | H | Hydrolyzes phosphoramidate and acyl-adenylate substrates | Cytoplasm and Nucleus |
| NR3C1 | H | Affects inflammatory responses, cellular proliferation, and differentiation in target tissues | Cytoplasm and Nucleus |
| RCAN1 | H | Central nervous system development | Cytoplasm and Nucleus |
| HSP90AB1 | H | Maturation, structural maintenance, and proper regulation of specific target proteins involved, for instance in cell cycle control and signal transduction | Cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane and secreted |
| HSD11B1 | H | Reversibly catalyzes the conversion of cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone | Endoplasmic reticulum membrane |
| BNIP3 | H | Mitochondrial protein catabolic process; cell death pathway | Mitochondrion |
| SLC25A37 | H | Mitochondrial iron transporter that specifically mediates iron uptake | Mitochondrion |
| PAK1 | H | Cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, mitosis, and vesicle-mediated transport processes | Cytoplasm and Cell Membrane |
| PROX1 | H | Cell fate determination, gene transcriptional regulation, and progenitor cell regulation | Nucleus |
| Cav1 | M | T-cell proliferation and NF-kappa-B activation | Cell Membrane |
| Fap | M | Extracellular matrix degradation, tissue remodeling, fibrosis, wound healing, inflammation and tumor growth | Cell Membrane |
| Actc1 | M | Cell motility | Cytoplasm |
| Myh8 | M | Muscle contraction | Cytoplasm |
| Tuba1a | M | Constituent of microtubules | Cytoplasm |
| Tuba4a | M | Constituent of microtubules | Cytoplasm |
| Mef2c | M | Controls cardiac morphogenesis and myogenesis, and is also involved in vascular development | Nucleus |
| Tfcp2 | M | Binds a variety of cellular promoters, including fibrinogen and alpha-globin promoters | Nucleus |
| Lama2 | M | Attachment, migration, and organization of cells by interacting with extracellular matrix components | Secreted (ECM) |
| Fst | M | Specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis and secretion of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | Secreted (ER) |
| CXCL12 | H, M | Immune surveillance, inflammation response, tissue homeostasis, and tumor growth and metastasis | Secreted |
H: human samples; M: mouse samples; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ECM: extracellular matrix; SR: sarcoplasmic reticulum.