Table 1.
Characteristics of participants
| Variables | Nonsmokers | Smokers | Overall participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 15,398 | 3395 | 18,793 |
| Age (years) | 49.1 ± 7.7 | 45.8 ± 7.3** | 48.5 ± 7.7 |
| Drinkers (%) | |||
| Occasional drinkers | 28.8 | 34.8** | 29.8 |
| Regular drinkers | 6.8 | 21.3** | 9.5 |
| Regular exercise (%) | 5.3 | 5.7 | 5.4 |
| Height (cm) | 156.0 ± 5.6 | 157.4 ± 5.6** | 156.3 ± 5.6 |
| WC (cm) | 78.2 ± 9.5 | 77.1 ± 9.8** | 78.0 ± 9.6 |
| WHtR | 0.502 ± 0.064 | 0.490 ± 0.063** | 0.500 ± 0.064 |
| Large WC (%) | 11.5 | 10.4 | 11.3 |
| High WHtR (%) | 47.6 | 39.5** | 46.2 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 78 (55, 114) | 80 (56, 119)** | 78 (55, 115) |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 65.5 ± 14.8 | 64.1 ± 15.5** | 65.3 ± 14.9 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 115.3 ± 29.7 | 110.4 ± 31.4** | 114.5 ± 30.1 |
| High triglycerides (%) | 13.0 | 14.7** | 13.3 |
| Low HDL-C (%) | 13.0 | 16.4** | 13.6 |
| High LDL-C (%) | 19.8 | 16.8** | 19.3 |
| LDL-C/HDL-C | 1.87 ± 0.70 | 1.86 ± 0.78 | 1.87 ± 0.72 |
| TG/HDL-C | 1.19 (0.78, 1.94) | 1.25 (0.81, 2.10)** | 1.21 (0.79, 1.97) |
| LAP | 16.6 (9.0, 30.3) | 15.6 (8.5, 29.5)* | 16.4 (8.9, 30.1) |
| CMI | 0.59 (0.37, 1.02) | 0.60 (0.38, 1.06)* | 0.59 (0.37, 1.02) |
| High LDL-C/HDL-C (%) | 2.8 | 4.2** | 3.0 |
| High TG/HDL-C (%) | 6.3 | 8.0** | 6.6 |
| High LAP (%) | 39.3 | 37.4* | 39.0 |
| High CMI (%) | 35.1 | 36.5 | 35.3 |
Shown are numbers, frequencies, means ± standard deviations, and medians with 25 and 75 percentile values. WC, waist circumference; WHtR, ratio of waist circumference to height; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; LDL-C, LDL cholesterol; LDL-C/HDL-C, ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol; TG/HDL-C, ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol. Asterisks denote significant differences from nonsmokers (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01)