Table 4.

Association between the frequency of coffee and tea consumption with waist circumference^*

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Men
Coffee consumption
Never (N = 429)	100.00 ± 15.35	99.30 ± 15.42	98.92 ± 22.00
Occasional (N = 366)	100.25 ± 14.93	99.98 ± 15.13	99.89 ± 15.02
Regular (N = 356)	99.64 ± 14.48	100.61 ± 14.47	100.91 ± 14.16
Frequent (N = 389)	100.73 ± 15.23	100.82 ± 15.99	100.24 ± 15.39
Tea consumption
Never (N = 912)	101.47 ± 14.31bcd	101.42 ± 14.28cd	100.62 ± 20.42
Occasional (N = 667)	99.45 ± 14.31a	99.49 ± 14.28	100.32 ± 15.02
Regular (N = 103)	97.06 ± 14.21a	97.15 ± 14.17a	98.11 ± 14.94
Frequent (N = 58)	95.17 ± 14.23a	95.05 ± 14.19a	97.21 ± 15.34
Women
Coffee consumption
Never (N = 615)	96.91 ± 16.58	96.09 ± 16.42	95.12 ± 25.02
Occasional (N = 491)	95.69 ± 15.67	95.19 ± 15.56	94.83 ± 15.97
Regular (N = 452)	95.14 ± 15.86	95.75 ± 15.48	95.91 ± 15.55
Frequent (N = 525)	94.95 ± 15.86	94.89 ± 17.23	95.47 ± 17.00
Tea consumption
Never (N = 819)	95.90 ± 15.57	95.90 ± 15.58	95.46 ± 20.42
Occasional (N = 965)	95.72 ± 15.32	95.71 ± 15.33	95.73 ± 15.02
Regular (N = 198)	94.58 ± 15.18	94.58 ± 15.19	94.58 ± 14.94
Frequent (N = 101)	91.86 ± 15.33	91.88 ± 15.42	92.54 ± 15.34

^*Data presented as adjusted mean ± SD. Model 1 was adjusted for age, ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity level, the diet quality index and, total calorie intake. The coffee analyses were also adjusted for the frequency of tea consumption, and the tea analyses were adjusted for the frequency of coffee consumption. Model 2 adjusted for covariates in Model 1 + caffeine intake. Model 3 adjusted for covariates in Model 2 + whitener and sweetener additive use.

^aSignificantly different from the ‘never’ group (p < 0.05).

^bSignificantly different from the ‘occasional’ group (p < 0.05).

^cSignificantly different from the ‘regular’ group (p < 0.05).

^dSignificantly different from the ‘frequent’ group (p < 0.05).