Table 3. Comparison of Local Sulcal Index (LSI) between patients with and without early-onset BD for 12 predetermined regions bilaterally.

Abbreviations: n, number; SE, standard error; DoF, degree of freedom.

Region	Outliers	Early-onset Bipolar LSI (estimates)		Intermediate and late-onset Bipolar LSI (estimates)
	n	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	DoF	F (Group)	Cohen’s d	p	Significant covariates
Left Calcarine	18	0.067	0.004	0.062	0.004	(1,235.5)	2.71	0.25	0.10	Gender
Left Frontal Medial	14	0.179	0.009	0.180	0.009	(1,235.1)	0.17	−0.20	0.68	Age
Left Parietal Occipital Medial	12	0.136	0.005	0.137	0.004	(1,210.7)	0.05	−0.03	0.82	None
Left Sylvian Fissure	14	0.217	0.008	0.211	0.007	(1,239.3)	1.35	0.09	0.25	None
Left Intraparietal Fissure	11	0.194	0.005	0.199	0.004	(1,238.3)	2.11	−0.13	0.15	Age
Left Occipital	9	0.077	0.004	0.075	0.003	(1,235.3)	0.51	0.09	0.48	Gender
Left Parietal	15	0.048	0.003	0.046	0.002	(1,243.0)	0.77	0.27	0.38	Age
Left Lateral Prefrontal	10	0.319	0.012	0.316	0.010	(1,242.5)	0.14	0.10	0.71	Age, Gender
Left Central Sulcus	14	0.086	0.002	0.088	0.002	(1,244.3)	1.62	−0.04	0.20	None
Left Precentral	10	0.091	0.004	0.086	0.003	(1,242.8)	3.39	0.35	0.07	None
Left Temporal Basal	11	0.146	0.007	0.146	0.006	(1,237.8)	0.04	−0.22	0.83	Age, Gender
Left Temporal Lateral	11	0.257	0.008	0.258	0.007	(1,240.8)	0.01	0.12	0.93	Age
Right Calcarine	11	0.065	0.004	0.063	0.003	(1,246.7)	0.51	0.06	0.48	None
Right Frontal Medial	13	0.176	0.009	0.183	0.008	(1,241.4)	3.36	−0.44	0.07	None
Right Parietal Occipital Medial	15	0.133	0.005	0.133	0.004	(1,227.9)	0.01	−0.06	0.91	Gender
Right Sylvian Fissure	17	0.206	0.007	0.205	0.006	(1,238.9)	0.02	−0.09	0.88	Gender
Right Intraparietal Fissure	19	0.199	0.005	0.196	0.004	(1,220.6)	0.28	0.26	0.59	Age
Right Occipital	12	0.090	0.005	0.091	0.004	(1,242.4)	0.13	−0.04	0.72	Age, Gender
Right Parietal	13	0.046	0.004	0.048	0.003	(1,237.5)	0.43	−0.13	0.51	None
Right Lateral Prefrontal	11	0.330	0.011	0.318	0.010	(1,244.4)	4.18	0.24	0.04	Age, Gender
Right Central Sulcus	15	0.083	0.002	0.084	0.002	(1,239.8)	0.32	−0.06	0.57	None
Right Precentral	13	0.102	0.005	0.099	0.004	(1,238.0)	1.02	0.19	0.31	None
Right Temporal Basal	11	0.143	0.007	0.140	0.006	(1,238.8)	1.52	−0.09	0.22	Gender
Right Temporal Lateral	10	0.278	0.010	0.278	0.009	(1,242.8)	0.02	−0.05	0.88	Age, Gender