Figure 3. Effect of paternal deprivation on c-fos expression in the PrL and the NAc of adult mandarin voles (n = 5).

(A) Voles were subjected to interaction with either a juvenile vole or a magic cube. (B) Immunohistochemical staining of c-fos (red) and 4',6-diamidine-2'-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) (blue). The effect of PD on c-fos expression in the PrL of (D) males and (E) females. (C) Images show c-fos immunoreactivity in the NAc shell and the NAc core. Effect of PD on c-fos expression in (F) males and (G) females of the NAc shell. Effect of PD on c-fos expression in the NAc core of (H) males and (I) females. Error bars indicate SEM. **p<0.01 vs. object stimulus. ^##p<0.01 vs. PC. Two-way ANOVA (factors: treatment × stimulus). PC, biparental care; PD, paternal deprivation.