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. 2018 Oct 29;2018(10):CD012661. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012661.pub2
Study ID Adjusted [unadjusted] ratios (95% CI) for the development of diabetes comparing IH with normoglycaemia at baseline
Follow‐up (years) IFG6.1 IFG5.6 IGT 'Prediabetes' IFG/IGT HbA1c HbA1c/IFG Ratio
Admiraal 2014 10 — Total cohort:
 6.1 (3.1–12.1)
 [5.7 (3.1–10.5)]
South‐Asian Surinamese:
 11.1 (3.0–40.8)
 [9.9 (2.9–34.3)]
 African Surinamese:
 5.1 (2.0–13.3)
 [6.2 (2.6–14.9)]
 "Ethnic Dutch":
 2.2 (0.5–10.2)
 [2.1 (0.5–9.3)]		 — — — — — Odds ratio
Aekplakorn 2006 12 — [2.41 (1.78–3.28)] [4.36 (3.41–5.57)] — — — — Odds ratio
Bae 2011 4 — — — — — HbA1c5.7: 6.5 (3.7–10.2)
HbA1c6.0:41.3 (24.7–69.2)
[compared with HbA1c < 5.0]		 — Hazard ratio
Bergman 2016 24 20 years: i‐IFG6.1: 3.43 (1.88–6.28) 20 years: i‐IFG5.6: 1.11 (0.76–1.61) 5.64 (2.74–12.33)
 20 years: 3.03 (1.80–5.09) — IFG5.6 + IGT: 2.79 (1.56–5.00)
IFG6.1 + IGT: 3.85 (1.73–8.54)		 — — Odds ratio
Bonora 2011 15 5.83 (3.23–10.54)
10 years:
5.7 (2.8–11.4)
 [3.9 (1.56–9.3)]		   10 years:
[3.9 (1.6–9.3)]		 — 10 years:
[20.5 (7.6–55.3)]		 HbA1c6.0: 9.74 (4.21–22.56) — Hazard ratio, odds ratio (10 years)
Cederberg 2010 9.7 2.37 (1.49–3.78)
 [2.56 (1.57–4.16)] — 2.90 (1.90–4.43)
 [2.98 (1.94–4.569] — — HbA1c5.7: 2.42 (1.50–3.91)
 [2.78 (1.80–4.31)] — Risk ratio
Chamnan 2011 3 — — — — — HbA1c6.0: 15.6 (6.9–35.7)
 [15.5 (7.2–33.3)] — Odds ratio
Chen 2003 3 4.4 (1.9–10.6) — — — — — — Odds ratio
Coronado‐Malagon 2009 1, 2 — — — [At 1 year:
 7.7 (2.1–27.9)] — — — Relative risk
Cugati 2007 10 [19.13 (11.59–31.66)] — — — — — — Odds ratio
De Abreu 2015 10 5.75 (1.86–17.78) — — — — — — Odds ratio
Derakhshan 2016 11.7 6.5 years:
 4.1 (2.9–5.6) 6.5 years:
 3.0 (2.3–3.9) — IFG5.6 and/or IGT:
 4.98 (4.08–6.07) — — — Hazard ratio, relative risk (6.5 years)
Dowse 1991 6.2 — — [3.6 (1.4–9.1)] — — — — Odds ratio
Ferrannini 2009 7 [3.73 (2.18–6.39)] [4.28 (3.21–5.71)] [4.01 (3.12–5.14)] — — — — Relative risk
Filippatos 2016 10 — 3.43 (2.17–5.44) — — — — — Odds ratio
Forouhi 2007 10 4.4 (1.9–10.0) 2.9 (1.3–6.3) — — — — — Hazard ratio
Han 2017 12 — i‐IFG5.6: 3.61 (2.85–4.57) i‐IGT: 4.06 (3.62–4.55) — 8.21 (6.79–9.94) 6 years:
HbA1c6.0:
Men: 4.28 (2.41–7.58)
Women: 4.05 (1.36–12.07)		 — Hazard ratio
Hanley 2005 5.2 — — 5.42 (3.60–8.17) — — — — Odds ratio
Heianza 2012 5 11.4 (8.09–16.1) 6.18 (4.34–8.80) — — — HbA1c5.7:
 6.53 (3.79–9.64)
 HbA1c6.0:
 7.42 (3.67–15.0) HbA1c5.7 + IFG5.6:
32.5 (23.0–45.8)
HbA1c5.7 + IFG6.1:
37.9 (28.1–51.1)
HbA1c6.0 + IFG5.6:
53.7 (38.4–75.1)
HbA1c6.0 + IFG6.1:
52.3 (37.8–72.3)		 Hazard ratio
Janghorbani 2015 6.8 — 7.4 (3.7–14.8)
 [8.2 (4.2–16.0)] 9.4 (4.8–18.6)
 [10.0 (5.2–19.1)] — 22.5 (12.4–41.0)
 [26.7 (15.1–47.2)] — — Hazard ratio
Jeong 2010 5 — 5.66 (3.44–9.31) 6.01 (3.23–11.2) — — — — Odds ratio
Kim 2005 5 Total: 34.57 (12.18–98.10)
 Men: 76.02 (10.42–544.51)
 Women: 15.46 (4.08–58.61) Total: 4.77 (1.60–14.15)
Men: 9.5 (1.25–72.24)
Women: 1.91 (0.45–8.21)		 — — — — — Hazard ratio
Kim 2016a 5.2 21.1 (16.8–26.3) — — — — HbA1c6.0: 23.2 (18.7–28.7) HbA1c5.7 + IFG5.6:
46.7 (33.5–64.9)		 Odds ratio
Latifi 2016 5 — 1.04 (1.00–1.07) — — — — — Odds ratio
Leiva 2014 6 2.06 (1.76‐5.14) ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Odds ratio
Levitzky 2008 4 Women: 26.3 (17.4–39.8)
 Men: 12.9 (9.3–18.1) Women: 22.3 (13.0–38.1)
 Men: 12.7 (8.1–20.0) — — — — — Odds ratio
Li 2003 5 5.78 (3.20–10.43) — i‐IGT: 2.94 (1.81–4.76) — 6.17 (3.41–11.15) — — Hazard ratio
Lipska 2013 7 11.4 (7.1–18.4) IFG5.6:
 Total: 3.5 (1.9–6.3)
Men: 8.6 (3.4–21.9)
 Women: 1.5 (0.5–4.6)
White:
 3.2 (1.5–6.6)
 Black:
 4.6 (1.6–13.3)		 — — — i‐HbA1c5.7:
 Total: 8.0 (4.8–13.2)
Men: 24.2 (9.5–61.8)
 Women: 4.6 (2.4–8.7)
White:
 10.2 (5.0–20.8)
Black:
5.8 (2.9–11.7)		 HbA1c5.7 + IFG5.6:
Total:
26.2 (16.3–42.1)
Men:
51.1 (21.2–123.2) Women: 20.4 (10.9–38.0)
White:
34.9 (19.1–63.8)
Black:
14.9 (6.8–32.6)		 Odds ratio
Liu 2008 5 — 4.5 (2.0–10.1) — — — — — Risk ratio
Liu 2016 10.9 1.99 (1.37–2.90)
 [2.12 (1.46–3.08)] — — — — — — Hazard ratio
Liu 2017 7.8 — 3.67 (3.20–4.21)
[4.36 (3.83–4.97)]		 — — — — — Odds ratio
Lorenzo 2003 7–8 — — 6.37 (4.37–9.28) — — — — Odds ratio
Lyssenko 2005 6 [i‐IFG6.1:
 2.3 (1.4–3.7)] — [i‐IGT: 3.5 (2.1–5.8)] — [3.8 (2.3–6.2)] — — Hazard ratio
Man 2017 6 — — — — 4.54 (2.65–7.78) — — Risk ratio
Mykkänen 1993 3.5 — — [9.85 (6.14–15.8)] — — — — Odds ratio
Nakagami 2016 5 34.89 (19.65–61.95)
 [37.85 (22.73–63.05)] — — — — HbA1c6.0:
[63.16 (33.94–117.52)]
HbA1c5.7:
8.77(4.47–17.21)
[9.72(4.96–19.05)]		 — Hazard ratio
Nakanishi 2004 7 1.31 (0.51–3.34) — — — — — — Risk ratio
Rathmann 2009 7 [4.7 (2.2–10.0)] — [8.8 (5.0–15.6)] — [21.2 (10.4–43.3)] — — Odds ratio
Rijkelijkhuizen 2007 6.4 i‐IFG6.1: 10.0 (6.1–16.5) — i‐IGT: 10.9 (6.0–19.9) — 39.5 (17.0–92.1) — — Odds ratio
Sadeghi 2015 7 — i‐IFG5.6: 3.30 (2.16–5.06) i‐IGT: 2.52 (1.73–3.69) — 12.6 (7.39–21.4) — — Odds ratio
Sato 2009 4 22.52 (17.73–28.60)   — — — — — Odds ratio
Song 2015 4 — Men: 7.50 (2.76–20.33)
 Women: 4.27 (1.52–12.00) — — — — — Relative risk
Soriguer 2008 6 — [5.3 (2.7–10.4)] 4.3 (2.0–9.2) — 9.2 (4.3–19.5) — — Relative risk
Stengard 1992 5 — — 3.1 (1.2–8.2) — — — — Odds ratio
Vaccaro 1999 11.5   [i‐IFG6.1: 1.2 (0.3–10.2)] [i‐IGT: 6.2 (2.7–13.8)] — [10.3 (2.2–46.8)] — — Odds ratio
Valdes 2008 6.3 12.1 (4.6–31.7)
[11.5 (5.6–23.6]		 3.9 (1.6–9.8) [6.7 (3.4–13.3)]
[i‐IGT: 4.7 (1.9–11.7)]		 — [45.6 (15.8–131.4)] — — Odds ratio
Viswanathan 2007 5 — — 1.57 — — — — Odds ratio
Wang 2007 5 2.71 (1.43–5.16)
Men: 2.29 (0.95–5.49)
Women: 1.95 (0.83–4.61)		 1.80 (0.96–3.40)
Men: 1.79 (0.70–4.57)
Women: 2.08 (0.93–4.67)		 3.15 (1.60–6.19)
i‐IGT(IFG6.1):
 Men: 7.33 (2.62–20.51)
Women: 1.65 (0.76–3.60) i‐IGT(IFG5.):
 Men: 7.50 (1.62–34.63)
Women: 2.21 (0.77–6.36)		 — IGT/IFG6.1: Men: 10.23 (3.84–27.30)
Women: 7.11 (2.56–19.72)
IGT/IFG5.6:
Men: 9.81 (3.5–27.21)
Women: 4.67 (1.87–11.62)		 — — Risk ratio, odds ratio
Wang 2011 7, 8 — Total: 2.38 (1.85–3.05)
[2.68 (2.25–3.63]
Men: 2.10 (1.40–3.15)
[2.78 (1.91–4.04)]
Women: 2.46 (1.78–3.39)
[ 2.92 (2.15–3.98]
4 years: [3.12 (2.31–4.22)]		 Total: 3.47 (2.64–4.55)
[4.11 (3.20–5.27)]
Men: 3.82 (2.41–6.04)
[4.72 (3.15–7.09)]
Women: 3.16 (2.26–4.43)
[3.74 (2.72–5.14)]		 — Total: 4.06 (3.05–5.40)
[4.68 (3.62–6.07) ]
Men: 4.44 (2.75–7.15)
[5.28 (3.49–7.99)]
Women: 3.80 (2.66–5.42)
[4.30 (3.09–5.99)]		 4 years:
HbA1c6.0: 5.89 (4.23–8.19)		 — Hazard ratio,
odds ratio (4 years)
Warren 2017 Cohort 1: 22
Cohort 2: 16		 Cohort 1:
 2.85 (2.60–3.12)
Black: 2.66 (2.26–3.13)
 White: 2.86 (2.57–3.19)
Cohort 2:
 3.41 (3.01–3.85)
Black: 3.16 (2.47–4.06)
 White: 3.67 (3.18–4.23)		 Cohort 1:
 2.26 (2.08–2.45)
 Black: 2.05 (1.75–2.40)
 White: 2.30 (2.10–2.53)
Cohort 2:
 2.70 (2.43–3.00)
Black: 2.65 (2.11–3.32)
 White: 2.87 (2.54–3.23)		 Cohort 2:
 2.06 (1.84‐2.31)
Black: 2.55 (2.01–3.22)
 White: 1.95 (1.71–2.21)		 — — Cohort 1:
 HbA1c5.7:
 2.71 (2.48–2.95)
Black: 2.24 (1.92–2.61)
 White: 2.91 (2.63–3.22)
HbA1c6.0:
 3.12 (2.81–3.46)
Black: 2.60 (2.21–3.05)
 White: 3.64 (3.20–4.14)
6 years:
 HbA1c6.0: 9.24 (7.20–11.86)		 — Hazard ratio
Yeboah 2011 7.5 — 10.5 (8.4–13.1)
 [13.2 (10.7–16.2)] — — — — — Hazard ratio
Zethelius 2004 7 — — [2.18 (1.43–3.34)] — — — — Odds ratio
aUnreliable adjusted HbA1c6.0 interval in publication: 105.47 (29.30–101.86)
CI: confidence interval; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; HbA1c5.7/6.0: HbA1c threshold 5.7% or 6.0% (usually reflecting 5.7% to 6.4% and 6.0% to 6.4%, respectively); HbA1c/IFG: both HbA1c and IFG; i‐: isolated; IFG5.6/6.1: impaired fasting glucose (threshold 5.6 mmol/L or 6.1 mmol/L); IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; IFG/IGT: both IFG and IGT; IH: intermediate hyperglycaemia; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus