7. Maternal risk.
| Study ID | All women included in the study |
| Ali 2017 | Increased/high‐risk (pregnancy complicated with asymmetrical IUGR) |
| Bergmann 2007 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Bisgaard 2016 | Any/mixed risk (not reported) |
| Boris 2004 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Bosaeus 2015 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Bulstra‐Ramakers 1994 | Increased/high‐risk (women with a history of IUGR with or without PIH in the previous pregnancy) |
| Carlson 2013 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Chase 2015 | Increased/high‐risk (Infants at risk of T1D (e.g. mothers with T1D) |
| D'Almedia 1992 | Mixed risk (21% of all included women had a history of PIH, and 4% a history of preterm birth) |
| de Groot 2004 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Dilli 2018 | Increased/high risk (women with GDM) |
| Dunstan 2008 | Low‐risk (history of physician‐diagnosed allergic rhinitis and/or asthma and 1 or more positive skin prick test to common allergens, but who were otherwise healthy) |
| England 1989 | Increased/high‐risk (women with severe gestational proteinuric hypertension |
| Freeman 2008 | Increased/high‐risk (pregnant and postpartum women with a major depressive order) |
| Furuhjelm 2009 | Low‐risk (pregnant women affected by allergy themselves, of having a husband or previous child with allergies, otherwise healthy) |
| Giorlandino 2013 | Increased/high‐risk (pregnancy women with a history of IUGR, fetal demise or pre‐eclampsia) |
| Gustafson 2013 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Haghiac 2015 | Increased/high‐risk: (overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25) |
| Harper 2010 | Increased/high‐risk (women with at least 1 prior spontaneous preterm birth) |
| Harris 2015 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Hauner 2012 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Helland 2001 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Horvaticek 2017 | Increased/high‐risk (pregnant women with T1D) |
| Hurtado 2015 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Ismail 2016 | Increased/high‐risk (oligohydramnios at 30‐34 weeks GA) |
| Jamilian 2016 | Increased/high‐risk (women with GDM) |
| Jamilian 2017 | Increased/high‐risk (women with GDM) |
| Judge 2007 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Judge 2014 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Kaviani 2014 | Increased/high‐risk (women diagnosed with mild depression) |
| Keenan 2014 | Increased/high‐risk (women living in urban low‐income environments) |
| Khalili 2016 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Knudsen 2006 | Any/mixed risk (not reported) |
| Krauss‐Etschmann 2007 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Krummel 2016 | Increased/high‐risk (all women overweight or obese) |
| Laivuori 1993 | Increased/high‐risk (women with pre‐eclampsia) |
| Makrides 2010 | Any/mixed risk |
| Malcolm 2003 | Low‐risk (healthy women) for final outcomes (any/mixed risk for preterm birth outcome) |
| Mardones 2008 | Increased/high‐risk (all included women underweight (BMI ≤ 21.2kg/m 2 at 10 weeks GA)) |
| Martin‐Alvarez 2012 | Any/mixed risk (not reported) |
| Miller 2016 | Any/mixed risk |
| Min 2014 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Min 2014 [diabetic women] | Increased/high‐risk (women diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes) |
| Min 2016 | Increased/high‐risk (women with GDM) |
| Mozurkewich 2013 | Increased/high‐risk (women with a history of depression) |
| Mulder 2014 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Noakes 2012 | Low‐risk (women with a history of allergy, atopy or asthma) |
| Ogundipe 2016 | Increased/high‐risk: (women at risk of developing pre‐eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, gestational diabetes) |
| Oken 2013 | Any/mixed risk |
| Olsen 1992 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Olsen 2000 | Increased/high‐risk (previous preterm birth or IUGR in previous pregnancy or pregnancy‐induced hypertension or twins in current pregnancy; threatening pre‐eclampsia or ultrasonically estimated fetal weight below the 10th centile) |
| Olsen 2000 [twins] | See Olsen 2000 |
| Onwude 1995 | Increased/high‐risk (primigravida with abnormal Doppler blood flow, previous birthweight < 3rd centile, PIH, previous unexplained stillbirth) |
| Otto 2000 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Pietrantoni 2014 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Ramakrishnan 2010 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Ranjkesh 2011 | Increased/high‐risk (women at high risk for pre‐eclampsia) |
| Razavi 2017 | Increased/high‐risk (women diagnosed with GDM) |
| Rees 2008 | Increased/high‐risk (current episode of major depression or dysthymia) |
| Ribeiro 2012 | Any/mixed (not reported) |
| Rivas‐Echeverria 2000 | Increased/high‐risk (women at risk of pre‐eclampsia) |
| Samimi 2015 | Increased/high‐risk (women with GDM) |
| Sanjurjo 2004 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Smuts 2003a | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Smuts 2003b | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Su 2008 | Increased/high‐risk (women diagnosed with major depressive disorder between 16 weeks and 32 weeks GA) |
| Taghizadeh 2016 | Increased/high‐risk (women with GDM) |
| Tofail 2006 | Increased/high‐risk (low income; 28% women undernourished) |
| Valenzuela 2015 | Low‐risk ("women free from any known diseases that could affect fetal growth") |
| Van Goor 2009 | Low‐risk (healthy women) |
| Van Winden 2017 | Increased/high‐risk (women with GDM) |
| Vaz 2017 | Increased/high‐risk (pregnant women classified at risk for postpartum depression) |
Abbreviations: ADA: American Diabetes Association; BMI: body mass index; GA: gestational age; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; IUGR: intrauterine growth restriction; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; PIH: pregnancy‐induced hypertension; PPD: postpartum depression