Presneill 2002

Methods	n = 18, 1 centre Allocation concealment: presupplied randomized drug packs Baseline similarity: age (D), APACHE II, duration of ventilation Blinding: caregivers, data collectors Cointerventions: Level of PEEP and tidal volumes similar in two groups Withdrawals: none Losses to follow‐up: none
Participants	Inclusions: Risk factor: severe sepsis; CXR infiltrate, PaO2 < 60 mmHg on room air or P/F < 287 mmHg Exclusions: Malignancy, immunosuppression
Interventions	IV GM‐CSF, 3 mcg/kg daily for 5 days, or placebo
Outcomes	Hospital mortality: RR 1.33 (95% CI 0.45 to 3.96) Adverse events leading to discontinuation of therapy: treatment: 1/10 (transient oliguria), control: 0/8
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	A ‐ Adequate