1. More detailed description of interventions in the included studies.

	Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Study ID	No other active therapies	Experienced therapists	Well‐defined CBT	Details about CBT
Barrowclough 2001	√	√	√	Content: The interventions began with the motivational interviewing phase and five initial weekly sessions designed to assess and then enhance the patient’s motivation to change. If the patient’s commitment was obtained, changes in substance use were negotiated on an individual basis. With the introduction of the individual cognitive behaviour therapy at week 6 (or earlier, if appropriate), the motivational interviewing style was integrated into subsequent cognitive behaviour therapy sessions. The individual cognitive behaviour therapy took place over approximately 18 weekly sessions, followed by six biweekly sessions (a total of 29 individual sessions, including the motivational interviewing). Six clinicians (five clinical psychologists and one nurse therapist) conducted the cognitive behaviour therapies (individual and family). All had experience in cognitive behaviour therapy work with psychotic patients and were eligible for accreditation as cognitive behaviour therapists with the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. Therapy was detailed in a comprehensive treatment manual (available from CB), and the therapists received weekly supervision based on audiotape sessions to ensure treatment fidelity.
Barrowclough 2010	√	?	√	Content: psychological therapy consisted of 26 individual sessions delivered over 12 months. Treatment was built around two phases. The first phase used motivational interviewing to reinforce motivation to change. In phase two of the intervention, CBT from both the psychosis and substance misuse evidence base was used to formulate a change plan to help the patients to implement and maintain changes (e.g. strategies for dealing with distressing voices and depressed mood, responding to relapses, and coping with cravings and urges).
Barrowclough 2014	√	√	?	Content: motivation building which is to elicit and understand patients' perspective in relation to life goals, explore and resolve ambivalence so as to facilitate motivation for change; CBT techniques from both the psychosis and substance use evidence base were used to help the patient implement and maintain changes; Delivered by: The trial therapists all had experience in conducting CBT with people with first‐episode psychosis.
Birchwood 2014	√	√	√	Content: cognitive behaviour therapy techniques are used to assess and modify conviction in four beliefs linked to the construct of voice power. Protocol for cognitive therapy for command hallucinations was developed by MB and details are provided in our casebook manuals. Delivered by: cognitive therapists who were supervised in each centre by a lead clinician with expertise in cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis.
Cao 2014	√	√	✗	Content: The intervention included health education to help patients recognize and correct their wrong beliefs or cognition; behavioural therapy included relaxation training. Delivered by: unclear.
Chen 2014	√	?	√	Content: psychoeducation: help for participants to figure out their inappropriate beliefs and attitude; help participants recognize their cognition problems, and rebuild their personality and behaviour. Psychoeducation was given to families. Delivered by: unclear.
Chen 2015	√	?	?	Content: the content of CBT was not stated. Delivered by: not stated.
Durham 2003	√	√	?	Content: An initial emphasis on engagement, education and building a therapeutic alliance; functional analysis of key symptoms, leading to a formulation and problem list; development of a normalising rationale for the patient's psychotic experiences; exploration and enhancement of current coping strategies; acquisition of additional coping strategies for hallucinations and delusions; and focus on accompanying affective symptomatology using relaxation training, personal effectiveness training and problem‐solving, as appropriate. Delivered by: five clinical nurse specialists with extensive professional experience of severe mental disorder. The therapists received training mainly focused on CBT.
Edwards 2011	?	?	√	Content: A manualised CBT program, the systematic treatment of persistent psychosis (STOPP; Hermann‐Doig 2003). Delivered by: not reported.
England 2007	√	√	✗	Content: CBT was applied by delivery of 12, 90‐min sessions of individualised counselling to voice hearers over a period of 4 months. CBT consisted of reasoning and decision support, counselling strategies tied to the techniques of Socratic learning, the verbal challenge, or empirical reality trial, homework assignments, and summarisation of the counselling sessions. The counselling sessions were audio‐taped to allow for audit of the nurse's counselling strategies. Delivered by: an experienced psychiatric clinical nurse specialist.
Farhall 2009	√	✗	√	Content: The CBT intervention is based on efficacy trials conducted in the UK (Kuipers 1998). It is similar in scope and content to the therapy outlined by Fowler 1995. Therapists work with patients for 12‐24 sessions on agreed recovery goals using one or more of the following recovery therapy components: everyday coping, working with symptoms, understanding the experience of psychosis, strengthening adaptive view of self, personal/emotional issues or comorbid disorders, relapse prevention, and family or social reintegration. Delivered by: 12 clinical psychologists.
Fowler 2009	√	√	√	Content: An initial emphasis on engagement, education, and building a therapeutic alliance; functional analysis of key symptoms, leading to a formulation and problem list; development of a normalising rationale for the patient's psychotic experiences; exploration and enhancement of current coping strategies; acquisition of additional coping strategies for hallucinations and delusions; and focus on accompanying affective symptomatology using relaxation training, personal effectiveness training, and problem‐solving, as appropriate. Delivered by: five clinical nurse specialists with extensive professional experience of severe mental disorder. The therapists received training mainly focused on CBT.
Freeman 2014	√	✗	✗	Content: 1. negative thoughts about the self, 2. positive activities, and 3. positive thoughts about the self. Delivered by: clinical psychologists.
Freeman 2015	√	?	?	Content: The main techniques were psychoeducation about worry, identification and reviewing of positive and negative beliefs about worry, increasing awareness of the initiation of worry and individual triggers, use of worry periods, planning activity at times of worry (whichcould include relaxation), and learning to let go of worry. Delivered by: not reported.
Garety 2008	√	✗	?	Content: CBT targeted at relapse prevention, done by exploring people's understanding of triggers and risks of relapse and by developing a new model of disorder emphasising alternatives to delusional thinking; targets often included persistent negative beliefs about self and others, characteristic reasoning styles such as jumping to conclusions and distressing emotional reactions to events and anomalous experiences; administered by skilled practitioners (doctorial level clinical psychologists) and treatment fidelity assessed using the Cognitive Therapy for Psychosis Adherence Scale. Delivered by: five clinical nurse specialists with extensive professional experience of severe mental disorder.
Gleeson 2009	✗	✗	?	Content: CBT focused upon relapse prevention although nonadherence to treatment, substance abuse, coping with stress, and comorbid anxiety and depression were also targeted. There were parallel individual CBT sessions and family therapy sessions (based upon cognitive behavioural family therapy for schizophrenia (Falloon, 1988; Mueser & Glynn, 1999). The family therapy focused upon communication skills, psychoeducation regarding relapse risk, and a review of early warning signs and documentation of a relapse prevention plan. Delivered by: individual research therapist, who additionally adopted the role of outpatient cases.
Granholm 2005	√	√	√	Content: The treatment manual included a patient workbook that contained homework forms. The CBT was developed specifically for patients with schizophrenia; the age‐relevant content modifications were added. To simplify learning and to help patients remember to use cognitive techniques in everyday life, mnemonic aids were provided; there were also behavioural role‐playing exercises and problem‐solving skills. Delivered by: psychologists or senior graduate students who had 2 years of clinical experience.
Grawe 2006	✗	?	?	Content: integrated treatment provided by multidisciplinary team, including pharmacotherapy and case management. Structured family psychoeducation, cognitive behavioural family education, problem‐solving skills training, individual cognitive behavioural strategies for residue symptoms.
Gumley 2003	√	√	√	Content: CBT was divided into two phases. Targeted CBT included identifying and targeting beliefs and behaviours, which increased risk to self or others, identifying and targeting beliefs and behaviours accelerating relapse and developing alternative beliefs and reinforcing those through behaviour change. During the study period, the CBT group received a median(range) of 6 (0–14) outpatient medical consultations and 28.5 (0 – 86) community mental health team contacts. Delivered by: a clinical psychologist.
Guo 2015	√	✗	√	Content: CBT procedure was edited according to previous study and guideline (Li 2015 and Wright 2010). Delivered by: rehabilitation therapists.
Habib 2015	√	√	√	Content: Therapy was provided according to a manualised treatment protocol (Kingdon and Turkington, 1994), and was culturally adapted. Delivered by: psychologist who had received training in CBTp.
He 2012	√	?	?	Content:The intervention was based on a cognitive behavioural therapy handbook developed by the investigators. The therapeutic milieu and content was applied according to the handbook. Delivered by: unclear.
Hu 2013	?	√	?	Content: CBT and risperidone. Delivered by: six experienced psychologists.
Hu 2014	√	?	✗	Content: The cognitive behavioural therapy included wrong behaviour correction, relaxation, etc. Delivered by: unclear.
Jackson 2009	√	√	√	Content: The cognitive therapy based recovery intervention (CRI) was designed to be delivered on a weekly basis over a 6‐month period (i.e. it was limited to a maximum of 26 sessions) and followed a protocol‐based modular approach. There were three key components: (a) engagement and formulation; (b) trauma processing; and (c) appraisals of psychotic illness (shame, loss, and entrapment). The intervention, therefore, is not just designed for those who could be described as 'traumatised' by their experiences of psychosis. It is intended to be helpful for all first‐episode patients adjusting to and recovering from a first episode of psychosis. Delivered by: four clinical psychologists and a cognitive behavioural psychotherapist. All clinicians had over 4 years experience in the practice of cognitive therapy for early psychosis and received regular case supervision.
Jia 2005	√	?	✗	Content: Rational thinking training, helping the participant realise his or her inappropriate cognition, behavioural training, diary and health education. Delivered by: unclear.
Jiao 2014	√	?	✗	Content: to help participants understand their symptoms and strategies to prevent the symptoms, cognitive rebuild, communication with therapists. The dosage of risperidone was 3.8 ± 0.7 mg/day. Delivered by: unclear.
Kuipers 1997	✗	√	✗	Content: Initial sessions were focused on facilitating engagement in treatment. Considerable effort was spent on building and maintaining a good basic therapeutic relationship, and this relationship was characterised by considerable flexibility on the part of the therapist. When necessary, treatment was arranged in locations convenient to the client, including home visits and proactive outreach. Behavioural therapy techniques, including activity scheduling, relaxation and skills training. Delivered by: experienced clinical psychologists.
Lewis 2002	√	√	√	The CBT was manual‐based with four stages. Stage 1: a cognitive behavioural analysis of how symptoms might relate to cognitions, behaviour and coping strategies. Education about the nature and treatment of psychosis, using a stress vulnerability model to link biological and psychological mechanisms, was used to help engagement. Stage 2: a problem list was generated collaboratively with the patient. This was then prioritised according to the degree of distress attached, feasibility and, where relevant, clinical risk involved. Prioritised problems were assessed in detail and a formulation was agreed which included such issues as trigger situations and cognitions. Stage 3: Interventions particularly addressed positive psychotic symptoms of delusions and hallucinations, generating alternative hypotheses for abnormal beliefs and hallucinations, identifying precipitating and alleviating factors and reducing associated distress. Stage 4: monitoring positive psychotic symptoms of delusions and hallucinations. Delivered by:one of five therapists trained in CBT in psychosis, supervised by experienced cognitive therapists.
Li 2013a	√	?	✗	Content: Cognitive therapy was conducted to help participant correct their wrong beliefs or thinking process; establish and intensify the right cognition. Delivered by: not reported.
Li 2014	√	?	✗	Content: psychoeducation about voice; discuss the content of hallucinations; introduction of the ABC model; discuss the link between voice and behaviour; coping strategies. Delivered by: not stated.
Li 2015	√	√	√	Content: building of a therapeutic alliance; functional analysis of key symptoms, leading to a formulation and problem list; scheduling of activity; simulated scene training and case explanation; exploration and enhancement of current coping strategies; homework assignments. Delivered by: therapists.
Li 2015a	√	√	√	Content: functional analysis of symptoms and negative behaviour, providing treatment therapy, help patients to develop positive attitude, improve cognitive abilities, reduce conflicts with social interactions, improve clinical compliance, reduce negative mood, improve the way of thinking. Delivered by: specially trained therapists.
Liu 2012	✗	?	√	Content: rehabilitation training, cognitive and behaviour modification, life skill training, rebuild the link between cognition, behaviour, and psychology. Delivered by: not stated.
Lu 2014	√	?	✗	Content: cognitive coping strategies, behavioural therapy, etc. Delivered by: unclear.
Ma 2016	√	√	✗	Content: CBT therapy included a therapeutic alliance building with patients, help to develop personal behaviour control ability, help to correct cognitions in thought, beliefs and attitudes, help patients to aware of the importance of medications. Delivered by: therapists.
Naeem 2015	√	✗	✗	Content: A spiritual dimension was included in formulation, understanding and in therapy plan; Urdu equivalents of CBT jargons were used in the therapy; culturally appropriate homework assignments were selected and participants were encouraged to attend even if they were unable to complete their homework; folk stories and examples relevant to the religious beliefs of the local population were used to clarify issues. Delivered by: psychology graduates with more than 5 years experience of working in mental health.
Naeem 2016	✗	√	√	Content: CBTp consisted of a total of 17 handouts and eight worksheets, that could be flexibly given by a health professional over 12‐16 sessions. The handouts focused on psychoeducation, dealing with hallucinations, paranoia, changing negative thinking, behavioural activation, problem‐solving, improving relationships and communication skills. Health professionals were trained in formulating and devising a plan to suit the individuals' needs. The intervention was then delivered according to this plan. Frequency: a 15‐30 minutes CBT was conducted in each session. Delivered by: frontline mental health professionals.
Pan 2012	?	?	?	Content: not stated. Delivered by: not stated.
Qian 2012	√	?	√	Content: CBT combined with antipsychotics. CBT involves: 1) establish the consultant connection between participants and investigator; 2) help the participants recognise their wrong beliefs and thinking process; 3) help the participants realize their wrong recognition based on their problematic beliefs and guiding them to the correct recognition style; 4) help the participants realise and correct the inappropriate points in their thinking process. 5) encourage the participant to express his/her own viewpoints and promote his/her introspectiveness. 6) help the participants inspect their external misconceptions and correct the deep cause of misconceptions by demonstration, imitation, or didactic suggestion; 7) help participants consolidate their reestablished conceptions and beliefs. Delivered by: unclear.
Qin 2014a	✗	✗	✗	Content: cognition correction and group psychoeducation, training exercise. Delivered by: psychologists or nurse.
Qiu 2014b	√	?	✗	Content: coping strategies and relapse prevention. Delivered by: unclear.
Rector 2003	√	√	√	Content: The CBT approach in this study was guided by the principles and strategies developed by Beck et al. (1979, 1985). The first phase of therapy focused on engagement and assessment. The second phase of therapy aimed to socialise the patient to the cognitive model and to impart cognitive and behavioural coping skills, including self‐monitoring with a thought record and the completion of homework tasks. Overlapping with the first two phases of treatment, a third aspect of treatment focused on providing psychoeducation with a normalising rationale. Delivered by: two doctoral level psychologists and one psychiatrist, all with formal training and practice in cognitive behavioural interventions.
Startup 2004	√	√	√	Content: This is a highly individualised, needs‐based form of CBT for psychotic disorders and is based on collaborative empiricism and (evolving) cognitive‐behavioural formulations. Delivered by: clinical psychologists who were employed as specialists in serious mental illness and conducted CBT for schizophrenia on a routine basis.
Sun 2014	✗	?	✗	Content: CBT included the building of a therapeutic alliance with patients, functional analysis of symptoms, help to deal with hallucinations and delusions, relaxation training, personal effectiveness training and problem‐solving, as appropriate. Delivered by: not stated.
Tarrier 1999	√	√	√	Content: coping strategy enhancement, training in problem‐solving, strategies to reduce relapse plus standard care. Delivered by: three experienced clinical psychologists and followed a protocol manual.
Tarrier 2014	√	√	√	Content: CBSPp was based on a treatment manual and was derived from an explanatory model of suicide behaviour; the intervention consisted of three phases: 1) Information processing biases; 2) appraisals of defeat, entrapment, social isolation, emotional dysregulation, and interpersonal problem‐solving. 3) suicide schema. Delivered by: clinical psychologists (JK, JM) who had extensive experience in delivering CBT for psychosis.
Trower 2004	√	?	√	Content: four core dysfunctional beliefs (and their functional relation to behaviour and emotion) that define the client ‐ voice (social rank) power relationship. Using the methods of collaborative empiricism and Socratic dialogue, the therapist seeks to engage the client to question, challenge and undermine the power beliefs, then to use behavioural tests to help the client gain disconfirming evidence against the beliefs. These strategies are also used to build clients' alternative beliefs in their own power and status, and finally, where appropriate, to explore the origins of the schema so clients have an explanation for why they developed those beliefs about the voice in the first place. Delivered by: not stated.
Tuikington 2002	✗	√	√	Content: based on same manual used in Turkington 2000, including assessment and engaging, developing explanations, case formulation, symptom management, adherence, working with core beliefs and relapse prevention. Delivered by: nurses receiving 10 days of intensive training.
Velligan 2014	√	√	✗	Content: The focus of the sessions was on patient‐identified problems, particularly those that interfered with daily functioning or were distressing, normalising symptoms, and using CBT techniques to develop alternative explanations. Delivered by: master's and doctoral level professionals with > 2 years' experience in assessment and treatment of serious mental illness.
Wang 2005	√	?	√	Content: help patients to understand their symptoms and the impact of symptoms to emotion, realise the relationship between behaviour and disease; strengthened behaviour therapy; cognitive behavioural therapy. Delivered by: unclear.
Wang 2012	√	?	✗	Content: psychoeducation about symptoms and relapse, coping strategies to hallucination and delusions; cognitive modification. Delivered by: 6 psychologists.
Wang 2015	√	√	√	Content: The intervention was based on two published cognitive behavioural therapy handbooks. Delivered by: psychologist who had been trained to conduct CBT.
Wang 2008	√	√	?	Content: establishing therapeutic relationship and collating comprehensive illness history of individual patients. Treatment is divided into psychological and behaviour aspects. Participants were give psychoeducation about schizophrenia symptoms in order to improve treatment compliance, and meanwhile, behavioural intervention was given to reinforce symptom self‐monitoring, relapse prevention, and ways of managing thoughts and actions. Standard care is Risperidol, 0.5 mg/day, increased to 4 mg/day by the second week of intervention and maximum dosage is 6 mg/day. Delivered by: psychologist who had been trained to conduct CBT.
Yao 2015	√	√	✗	Content: CBT included: 1) active promotion of social activity; 2) help to deal with hallucinations, paranoia, changing negative thinking; 3) help to self‐regulate psychotic symptoms and improve social recovery from psychosis; 4) psychoeducation; 5) relax training with a duration of 30 minutes; 6) promoting of patients' and guardians' confidence; 7) activity scheduling. Delivered by: qualified doctors and senior nurse.
Zhang 2014	√	✗	✗	Content: psychoeducation and cognition modification. Delivered by: three psychologists.
Zhang 2015	√	√	√	Content: CBT included cognitive therapy and rational‐emotive therapy. Cognitive therapy helped patients to change negative thinking by providing psychoeducation. In rational‐emotive therapy, doctors planned therapy for each patient individually depending on patients' background and symptoms, to help patients to build up confidence and solve emotional problems. The therapies included psycho‐diagnosis, helping patients to understand, analysis of patients' background, implementation and strengthening of therapies. Delivered by: qualified doctors.
Zhao 2013	√	✗	✗	Content: psychoeducation about symptoms and coping strategies to symptoms; cognition modification, and encouragement of social intercourse. Delivered by: five psychologists.
Zhao 2014	✗	?	✗	Content: practicing daily life activity, recreation therapy, and cognition modification. Delivered by: not stated.
Zou 2013	✗	√	✗	Content: cognition modification, psychoeducation about disease, and physical exercise. Delivered by: nurses who had five years experience of CBT.

√ = criteria fulfilled; ✗ = criteria not fulfilled; ? = unclear.