Lu 2014.
| Methods | Allocation: randomised Blinding: not addressed Location: inpatients, China Length of follow‐up: 6 months |
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| Participants | Diagnosis: chronic schizophrenia (ICD‐10) N = 104 Sex: 56 M, 48 F Age: mean ˜ 46.5 years, SD ˜ 5.44 years Included: length of illness: mean ˜ 43.3 months, SD ˜ 1.31 months; age 22 ‐ 55 years Excluded: mental retardation or brain organic disease; severe recession or agitation; severe depression, anxiety or drug abuse; severe physical disorder or severe medication; relevant adverse events; lack of insight; length of hospitalisation more than one year |
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| Interventions | 1. CBT group*: N = 52 Content: cognitive coping strategies, behavioural therapy, etc. Delivered by: not reported Frequency: twice weekly sessions, forty‐five minutes per session Treatment duration: 6 months 2. Standard care group: N = 52 Content: Participants received antipsychotics plus psychoeducation. Delivered by: not reported Frequency: not reported Treatment duration: 6 months |
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| Outcomes | Mental state: self‐esteem (GSES scores) Quality of life: general, psychological, various aspects (SQLS scores) |
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| Notes | *Participants in the CBT group also received the standard care intervention. | |
| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Quote: "Participants were randomly assigned..." (p.348). Comments: insufficient information about the sequence generation process to permit judgement of 'Low risk' or 'High risk' |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Comments: The method of concealment was not described. |
| Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes | High risk | Comments: The author did not address this information. However, participants and personnel were not likely to be blinded because participants in the treatment group received CBT, and the control group only received standard care. |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | Unclear risk | Comments: The method of blindness was not described. |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Comments: no attrition |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Low risk | Comments: All measured outcomes were reported. |
| Other bias | Low risk | Comments: none obvious |