Tarrier 2014.
Methods | Allocation: randomised Blinding: Research assistant and assessors were blinded. Location: Community Mental Health Teams (CMHT), Early Intervention (EI) teams, and Assertive Outreach (AO) teams across four National Mental Health Service trusts including, Greater Manchester West, Manchester Mental Health and Social Care, Pennine Care, and Five Boroughs in the North West of England, UK Length of follow‐up: 6 months |
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Participants | Diagnosis: schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder or psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (DSM‐IV) N = 49 Sex: 31 M, 18 F Age: 18 ‐ 65 years, mean ˜ 34.9 years, SD ˜ 13.1 years Included: previous suicide attempts or experiencing current suicidal ideation; under the care of an appropriate clinical team and currently in contact with mental health services; receiving appropriate antipsychotic medication; not currently receiving CBT or other empirically validated psychological treatments Excluded: serious suicidal intent and currently considered a danger to themselves; primary diagnosis of bipolar depression or substance induced psychosis; organic brain disease |
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Interventions | 1. CBT group*: N = 25 Content: CBT was based on a treatment manual and was derived from an explanatory model of suicide behaviour. The intervention consisted of three phases: 1) information processing biases; 2) appraisals of defeat, entrapment, social isolation, emotional dysregulation, and interpersonal problem‐solving; 3) suicide schema. Delivered by: clinical psychologists who had extensive experience in delivering CBT for psychosis Frequency: up to 24 individual therapy sessions delivered twice a week across 12 weeks Treatment duration:12 weeks 2. Standard care group*: N = 24 Content: treatment‐as‐usual Delivered by: not reported Frequency: not reported Treatment duration: 12 weeks |
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Outcomes | Mental state: general, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, affective symptoms (PANSS scores); hallucination, delusion (PSYRATs scores), depression (CDS scores), anxiety (BAS scores), self‐esteem (SERS scores), hopelessness (BHS scores) Functioning: general (GAF scores) Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Unable to use: Suicidual probability: subscales of The Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) including suicidal ideation, suicidal hopelessness, suicidal negative self‐evaluation, hostility (not predefined for this review) |
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Notes | *The term 'Treatment‐as‐usual (TAU)' was used in this paper. Participants in the CBT group also received the standard care intervention, | |
Risk of bias | ||
Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Low risk | Quote: "...participants were randomised using a clinical data management system and allocated to..." (p.205). Comments: Randomisation was well conducted. |
Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Low risk | Quote: "Randomisation was controlled by staff not directly linked to the trial to ensure independence and blindness to the trial allocation arms..." (p.205). Comments: Participants and investigators enrolling participants could not foresee assignment. |
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes | High risk | Quote: "This was a single blind randomised control trial, the research assistant and assessors were blinded..." (p.205). Comments :The participants and therapists were not blinded. |
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Quote: "This was a single blind randomised control trial, the research assistant and assessors were blinded..." (p.205). Comments: The outcome assessor was blinded. |
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | High risk | Comments: Eight out of 25 participants in the treatment group and six out of 24 participants in the control group dropped out of the study. High attrition rate. |
Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Low risk | Comments: The author reported all measured outcomes. |
Other bias | Low risk | Quote: "This report/article presents independent research commissioned by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) UK under its Programme Grants for Applied Research scheme (RP‐PG‐0606‐1086)." Comments: none obvious |