Yao 2015.
| Methods | Allocation: randomised Blinding: not addressed Location: inpatient, China Length of follow‐up: 2 months |
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| Participants | Diagnosis: schizophrenia in recovery N = 88 Sex: 56 M, 32 F Age: 16 ‐ 67 years; mean ˜ 37.31 years, SD ˜ 4.31 years Included: not reported Excluded: not reported |
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| Interventions | 1. CBT group*: N = 44 Content: CBT included: 1) active promotion of social activity; 2) help to deal with hallucinations, paranoia, changing negative thinking; 3) help to self‐regulate psychotic symptoms and improve social recovery from psychosis; 4) psychoeducation; 5) relaxation training with a duration of 30 minutes; 6) promoting of participants' and guardians' confidences; 7) activity scheduling. Delivered by: qualified doctors and senior nurse Frequency: A 3‐minute CBT was conducted three times weekly. Treatment duration: 2 months 2. Standard care group: N = 44 Content: regular medication treatments and nursing Delivered by: not reported Frequency: not reported Treatment duration: 2 months |
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| Outcomes | Mental state: anxiety (SAS scores), depression (SDS scores), self‐esteem (SES scores) | |
| Notes | *The term 'Treatment‐as‐usual (TAU)' was used in this paper. Participants in the CBT group also received the standard care intervention. | |
| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Quote: "The patients were randomly allocated to..." (p.251). Comments: No details of the randomisation procedure were provided. Insufficient information to permit judgement of 'Low risk' or 'High risk' |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Comments: The author did not describe allocation concealment. Insufficient information to permit judgement of 'Low risk' or 'High risk' |
| Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes | High risk | Comments: The author did not describe the blinding of participants and personnel. However, as the CBT was based on standard care, participants and personnel were not likely to be blinded. |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | Unclear risk | Comments: The author did not describe the blinding of outcome assessment. Insufficient information to permit judgement of 'Low risk' or 'High risk' |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Comments: no attrition |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Low risk | Comments: All measured outcomes were reported. |
| Other bias | Low risk | Comments: none obvious |