Zou 2013.
| Methods | Allocation: randomised Blinding: not addressed Location: inpatients, China Length of follow‐up: 3 months |
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| Participants | Diagnosis: schizophrenia (ICD‐10) N = 133 Sex: 74 M, 59 F Age: 18 ‐ 65 years, mean ˜ 32.65 years, SD ˜ 12.4 years Included: length of illness: mean ˜ 7.23 years, SD ˜ 3.32 years; the total score of PANSS ≥ 60 Excluded: with severe physical disease |
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| Interventions | 1. CBT group*: N = 65 Content: cognition modification, psychoeducation about disease, and physical exercise Delivered by: nurses who had five years experience of CBT Frequency: 40 minutes each session for 10 sessions Treatment duration: 12 weeks 2. Standard care group: N = 68 Content: antipsychotics, psychoeducation and nursing care Delivered by: not reported Frequency: not reported Treatment duration: 12 weeks |
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| Outcomes | Global state: relapse** Engagement with services: compliance with medication** Unable to use: Adverse events: weight gain ‐ SD not reported |
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| Notes | *Participants in the CBT group also received the standard care intervention. **Trial authors did not report ICC; we assumed ICC = 0.1, as stated in the methods. |
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| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Quote: "Participants were randomly assigned..." (p.33). Comments: insufficient information about the sequence generation process to permit judgement of 'Low risk' or 'High risk' |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Comments: The method of concealment was not described. |
| Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes | High risk | Comments: The author did not address this information. However, participants and personnel were not likely to be blinded because participants in the treatment group received CBT, and the control group only received standard care. |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | Unclear risk | Comments: The method of blindness was not described. |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Comments: no attrition |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Low risk | Comments: All measured outcomes were reported. |
| Other bias | Low risk | Comments: none obvious |
AAT: ABC = ADL = Activity of Daily Living Scale AHR = AHRS = Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale AO = ASI = The Addiction Severity Index ASIQ = Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire B & B = BAVQ/BAVQ‐R = Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire BDI = Beck Depression Inventory BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory BAVQ = Belief about Voices Questionnaire BCSI = Beck Cognitive Insight Scale BCSS = Brief Core Schema Scales BDI = Beck Depression Inventory‐II BHS = The Beck Hopelessness Scale BIS = Birchwood Insight Scale BPRS = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale BSS = Beck Scale for Suicidal ideation CAN = The Camberwell Assessment of Needs CAS = CAT = CBT = CBTp = CCMD(‐2‐R), also (‐3) = CCS = Cybernetic Coping Scale CDS = CDSS/CDS = Calgary Depression Scale CGI = CHOICE = CMHT = CMS = Clinical Memory Scale CPRS = Comphrehensive Schizophrenia Change Scale CRI = CSQ = the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire CGI‐GI = Clinical Global Impression‐global improvement CGI‐SI = Clinical Global Impression‐severity of illness CTCH = DRS = Delusion Rating Scale DSM‐IV(‐TR) or DSM‐III(‐R) = ECT = EI = EPPIC = EuroQOL = F = GAF = Global Assessment of Functioning GPTS = Green et al Paranoid Thoughts Scale GQOLI‐74 = GSH = GSES = General Self‐Efficacy Scale HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale HAMD = MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery ICD‐10 = IES = Impact of Events Scale ILSS = Independent Living Skills Survey IPROS = Inpatient psychiatric rehabilitation outcomes scale IQ = IS = The Insight Scale IT = ITAQ = Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaire ITT = LSP = Life Skills Profile M = MADS = Maudsley Assessment of Delusions Schedule MADRS = Montgomery‐Asberg Depression Rating Scale MARS = Medication Adherence Rating Scale MCAS = Multnomah Community Ability Scale MCCB = MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery MICBT = MMSE = Mini‐Mental State Examination NOSIE = Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation NSRS = Negative Symptom Rating scale P1 = P3 = PANSS = The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale PBIQ = Personal Beliefs about Illness Questionnaire PSE ‐ 10 = Present State Examination PSP = Personal Social Performance Scale PsyRATS = Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales PSWQ = Penn State Worry Questionnaire PTQ = Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire QLS = Quality of Life Scale RDC = RSCQ = Robson Self Concept Questionnaire RSES = Rosenberg Self‐Esteem scale RSQ = Robson Self‐Concept Questionnaire SAI = the Schedule for Assessment of Insight SADS = Social Avoidance and Distress Scale SANS = The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms SAPS = The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms SAS = Self‐rating Anxiety Scale SBS = Social Behaviour Schedule SCID‐1 = SCL‐90 = SCQ = Self Concept Questionnaire SCS = Social Comparison Scale SDS = Self‐rating Depression Scale SDSS = Social Disability Screening Schedule SERS = Self‐Esteem Rating Scale SES = The Self‐Esteem Scale SF‐36 = The Short Form‐36 SFS = The Social Functioning Scale SOFAS = The Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale SPS = The Social Provision Scale SPS = The Suicide Probability Scale SQLS = Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale SRIS = Self‐Report Insight Scale SSPI = Scale of Social‐Skills for Psychiatric Inpatients ST = TAU = Treatment‐as‐usual TESS = Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale UPSA = UCSD Performance‐Based Skills Assessment VCS = VPD = WAIS ‐ RC = Wechsler adult intelligence scale ‐ revised WCST = The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test WEMWS = WHODAS = WHOQOL‐BREF = World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment abbreviated version WMS = WRAT = Wide Range Achievement Test