Stokland 2003.

Methods	Single‐centre parallel‐group randomized controlled trial conducted in Sweden
Participants	95 children referred for voiding cystourethrography (median age 2.2 years in midazolam group and 3.2 years in placebo group)
Interventions	Intranasal midazolam given in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight with a maximum dose of 5 mg Placebo group was given saline 0.9 mg/ml sterile solution
Outcomes	Incomplete procedures
Notes	Conflicts of interest or funding sources were not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	The children were stratified by gender and randomly allocated to 1 of 2 groups, midazolam or placebo, by opening a sealed envelope prepared in blocks of 4
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	The substances were available in bottles with serial numbers, but were otherwise of identical appearance
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Not reported
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No withdrawals
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No clear evidence that measured outcomes were not reported (trial protocols were not sought for confirmation)
Other bias	Low risk	None expected