Gallant 1970a.

Methods	Allocation: random allocation (by random numbers). Blindness: double‐blind. Duration: 8 weeks (2 weeks of baseline evaluation + 6 weeks of medication + 2 weeks of drying out period). Setting: hospital.
Participants	Diagnosis: severe chronic schizophrenia. N = 26. Age: mean ˜ 44.7 years. Sex: male. History: free of significant disabilities of the cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic systems. Prior psychotherapeutic drug agents were discontinued for a minimum period of 4 weeks prior to initial doses of medication.
Interventions	1. Chlorpromazine (liquid): initial dose of 120 mg/day, maximum dose: 1350 mg/day (N = 13). 2. Piperacetazine (liquid): initial dose 20 mg/day, maximum dose: 360 mg/day (N = 13).
Outcomes	Global state: clinically important change (psychiatrist‐rated). Adverse effects: specific effects. Unable to use: Mental state: BPRS, NOSIE score (no mean or SD). Global state: CGI score (no mean or SD). Behaviour: not outcome of interest in protocol, plus no mean or SD.
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Quote: "Subjects were selected and/or assigned to treatment by random numbers"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Further information regarding allocation concealment was not provided.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Quote: "in a controlled, double blind study"
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No information was provided regarding blinding of outcome assessors.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No information was provided for missing values or attrition.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No information was provided for prespecified outcomes.
Other bias	Low risk	The study was partially supported by a research grant. The drugs were supplied by a pharmaceutical company.