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. 2018 Oct 31;2018(10):CD011709. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011709.pub2

Kulkarni 1972.

Methods Allocation: randomised.
Blindness: double‐blind (but it was not possible to disguise the drugs).
Duration: 72 hours.
Setting: hospital.
Participants Diagnosis: schizophrenia.
N = 182.
Age:14‐76 years.
Sex: male and female.
History: uncooperative, aggressive, agitated, hyperactive, and unmanageable behaviour.
Excluded: condition is a result of acute alcoholism or drug addiction were excluded. Evidence or a history of kidney or liver dysfunctions.
Interventions 1. Chlorpromazine (liquid form): initial dose of 25 mg/ml (N = 92).
2. Piperacetazine (liquid form): initial dose of 2 mg/ml (N = 90).
Outcomes Global state: clinically important change (psychiatrist‐rated), improved (CGI).
Global state: improvement due to the first injection (this outcome was reported for a sample of 26 participants).
Mental state: improved (BPRS, TSRS).
Leaving the study early due to adverse effects.
Adverse effects: specific.
Notes  
Risk of bias
Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias) Low risk Quote: “using a randomization scheme”
Allocation concealment (selection bias) Unclear risk Further information regarding allocation concealment not provided
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) 
 All outcomes High risk Quote: “all other measures were taken to maintain a double‐blind status. The rating physicians and the nurses were blinded from the identity of the assigned medication, but the patients were not blind because the drugs were not disguisable.”
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk Quote: “all other measures were taken to maintain a double‐blind status. The rating physicians and the nurses were blinded from the identity of the assigned medication.”
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk Missing data and attrition addressed and reported
Selective reporting (reporting bias) Low risk All prestated outcomes are reported.
Other bias Unclear risk Source of funding not reported