Ab‐Rahman 2010.

Methods	Randomized single‐blind control trial
Participants	"Adult patients who presented to the ED for either brief or intensely painful procedures, having marked anxiety or requiring some degree of immobilization"
Interventions	Group A: IV fentanyl 1 μg/kg as a titration dose and propofol 1 mg/kg followed by propofol 0.5 mg/kg if needed Group B: IV fentanyl 1 μg/kg as a bolus dose and a titration dose of midazolam 0.1 mg/kg followed by midazolam 0.1 mg/kg if needed
Outcomes	Level of sedation, vital signs, cardiorespiratory adverse effects
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Quote: "all 40 patients were selected by convenience sampling, and further randomization into two groups was carried out by using the computer‐generated random permuted blocks of four patients"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No information to permit judgement of 'low risk' or 'high risk'
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	There were 70 study participants in a published abstract of the study, but only 40 study participants in the final published study
Other bias	Low risk	Comment: no obvious "other bias" identified
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Quote: "the drugs were single blinded. They were supplied by the pharmacy department, wrapped individually and placed in an envelope. Each envelope was sealed and labelled accordingly as drug A or B. The operators, emergency physicians and residents in Emergency Medicine, including the main researcher, were unaware of the exact drug to be given until the envelope was opened"
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No information to permit judgement of 'low risk' or 'high risk'