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. 2018 Nov 9;2018(11):CD010578. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010578.pub2

10. Kristjansson 2015a: details of interventions (as reported in systematic review).

REVIEW ID Kristjansson 2015a
Types of interventions considered Provision of energy and macronutrients through:

  1. hot or cold meals (breakfast or lunch)

  2. snacks (including both food and beverages such as milk or milk substitutes)

  3. meals or snacks in combination with take‐home rations

  4. take‐home rations
Details regarding interventions

  1. Milk cereal supplement

    1. Intervention: 50 g milk cereal supplement prepared with 50 mL of water (energy = 941 kJ, fat = 7 g, protein = 8 g, carbohydrates = 30 g, minerals = 2.5 g). Given to mothers to prepare and to give to infants twice daily. Twice‐weekly delivery and morbidity assessments

    2. Control: home feeding as usual

    3. Duration: 8 months

  2. Hot lunches

    1. Intervention: hot lunches in day‐care centres, which provided 2/3 of the DRA for nutrients for the age group, and multivitamin supplements (energy = 941 kJ, fat = 7 g, protein = 8 g, carbohydrates = 30 g, minerals = 2.5 g)

    2. Control: home‐feeding as usual. No day care

    3. Duration: 8 months

  3. Precooked food

    1. Intervention: feeding only; precooked food with instant preparation and high nutritional value (100% of the iron, zinc, iodine, vitamin A and vitamin C requirements, and 60% of the other micronutrients; energy = 33% of requirements for 6‐ to 36‐month‐old children, protein 20% of animal protein, reconstituted to provide 1 kcal/g). Also nutrition education but not clear whether both groups received it.

    2. Control: none

    3. Duration: 12 months

  4. Skimmed milk and egg supplement

    1. Intervention: feeding with adjunctive intervention (nutrition education); supplement comprising skimmed milk 28.4 g given daily and 1 egg given 3 days a week (energy = 123 kcal, protein = 11 g, % DRI for energy = 14.2%, % DRI for protein = 89%). Not clear where it was given, but probably in day‐care or feeding centre

    2. Control: no intervention

    3. Duration: 6 months

  5. Cereal

    1. Intervention: feeding + rations for family; weekly ration of premixed rice, wheat and lentil powder = 450 g, and cooking oil = 90 g (% DRI for energy = 17.6%, % DRI for protein = not enough information). All local ingredients delivered to home. Mothers taught how to prepare the cereal. Mothers of children in both groups received health education that focused on frequency of feedings and caloric content of food.

    2. Control: mothers taught how to prepare meals but no feeding

    3. Duration: 6 months

  6. Fortified cookies

    1. Intervention: locally baked fortified cookies given as mid‐morning snack in day care (energy = 300 kcal, 40% fat, 8% protein, % DRI for energy at 6–12 months = 42.1%, % DRI for energy at 12–36 months = 34.5%, % DRI for energy at 24–48 months = 20.8%, % DRI for energy at 48–60 months = 19.8%, % DRI for protein at 6–12 months = 68.8%, % DRI for protein at 12–36 months = 60.4%, % DRI for protein at 24–36 months = 48.6%, % DRI for protein at 36–48 months = 41.4%, % DRI for protein at 48–60 months = 36.4%). Given once per day mid‐morning for 5 days per week

    2. Control: home feeding as usual

    3. Duration: 22 months

  7. Sweet cake supplement

    1. Intervention: feeding only; sweet cake supplement consisting of wheat flour = 23 g, sugar = 35 g and edible oil = 10 g (energy = 310 kcal, protein = 3 g, % DRI for energy at 12–24 months = 35.7%, % DRI for energy at 24–36 months = 35.7%, % DRI for energy at 36–48 months = 21.5%, % DRI for energy at 48–60 months = 20.5%, % DRI for protein at 12–24 months = 30.19%, % DRI for protein at 24–36 months = 24.31%, % DRI for protein at 36–48 months = 20.72%, % DRI for protein at 48–60 months = 18.22%, protein energy ratio = 3.87). Given in a feeding centre once daily for 6 days a week

    2. Control: regular food at home

    3. Duration: 14 months

  8. Milk‐based formula

    1. Intervention: milk‐based formula 1 kg/week (energy = 750 kcal (3.15 mJ), protein = 20 g/day). Supplement delivered to home. Supposed to be given once daily

    2. Control: home food and breastfeeding

    3. Duration: 2 years

  9. High‐energy supplement

    1. Intervention: high‐energy supplement (energy = 526 kcal, protein = 13.75 g, % DRI for energy = not enough information, % DRI for protein = not enough information). Delivered once a week to home with instructions on how to prepare, and measuring cup

    2. Control: home‐feeding as usual. Also received health care and micronutrient supplementation

    3. Duration: 3 months of supplementation

  10. Snacks

    1. Intervention: snacks, including rice, rice flour, wheat flour, bread, cassava, potatoes, sweet potatoes, coconut milk, refined sugar, brown sugar, and edible oil (on average, energy = 1660 kJ (400 kcal), protein = 5 g, % DRI for energy at 6–12 months = 56.1%, % DRI for energy at 12–20 months = 46.0%, % DRI for protein at 6–12 months = 57.37%, % DRI for protein at 12–20 months = 50.32%, protein energy ratio = 5). Given in day care

    2. Control: usual

    3. Duration: 6 days per week for 3 months

  11. Lipid nutrient supplement

    1. Intervention: feeding with 2 intervention groups: 3‐month lipid nutrient supplement, 6‐month lipid nutrient supplement (on average, energy = 108 kcal, 23% protein, % DRI for energy = 15%, % DRI for protein = 23%). Home‐delivered; 1 sachet per day. Parents asked to feed children

    2. Control: no supplement

    3. Duration: 6 months

  12. RUTF

    1. Intervention: feeding only; 92 g packet of RUTF (energy = 500 kcal, % DRI for energy at 6–12 months = 69.8%, % DRI for energy at 12–24 months = 57.5%, % DRI for energy at 24–36 months = 57.5%, % DRI for energy at 36–48 months = 34.7%, % DRI for energy at 48–60 months = 33.0%, % DRI for protein not enough information). Monthly distribution enough for 1 sachet daily

    2. Control: regular meal. No extra supplement

    3. Duration: 3 months

  13. Snacks

    1. Intervention: supplement included commonly consumed snacks with which the children were familiar such as milk, biscuits, curd and seasonal fruits (energy = 167 kcal, protein = 5.1 g, % DRI for energy at 36–48 months = 11.60%, % DRI for energy at 48–60 months = 11.02%, % DRI for protein at 36–48 months = 35.2%, % DRI for protein at 48–60 months = 31.0%). Each child was served the same quantity of food on a clean plate. Given once daily in kindergarten

    2. Control: no feeding programme

    3. Duration: 7 months

  14. Milk‐based and soy‐based fortified spread

    1. Intervention: feeding only with 7 different intervention arms; milk‐based fortified spread and soy‐based fortified spread of different quantities (5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg and 75 g of milk‐based fortified spread: energy = 96 kcal, 544 kcal, 1105 kcal and 1661 kcal, respectively, protein = 1 g, 4 g, 8 g and 11 g, respectively; 25 g, 50 g and 75 g of soy‐based fortified spread: energy = 531 kcal, 1071 kcal and 1615 kcal, respectively, protein = 3 g, 7 g and 10 g, respectively; % DRI for energy at 6–12 months = 28.57% (mean) for milk‐based formula, 35.98% (mean) for soy‐based formula, % DRI for energy at 12–24 months = 23.44% (mean) for milk‐based formula, 29.52% (mean) for soy‐based formula, % DRI for protein at 6–12 months = 68.84% (mean) for milk‐based formula, 76.50% (mean) for soy‐based formula, % DRI for protein at 12–24 months = 60.38% (mean) for milk‐based formula, 67.10% (mean) for soy‐based formula). Supplements delivered to homes prepackaged weekly for first 4 weeks and biweekly thereafter

    2. Control: no feeding programme

    3. Duration: 12 weeks

  15. Milk‐based supplement

    1. Intervention: feeding with nutrition education; supplement was a dry milk‐based product 65 g (energy = 275 kcal/day, protein = 10 g, lipid = 6 g, % DRI for energy at 9–12 months = 38.6%, % DRI for energy at 12–14 months = 31.6%, % DRI for protein at 9–12 months = 108.0%, % DRI for protein at 12–14 months = 114.30%). Given to mothers to prepare once daily

    2. Control: usual diet

    3. Duration: 44 weeks

  16. Milk LNS

    1. Intervention: milk‐LNS, soy‐LNS, CSB, and control feeding: the milk‐LNS group received an LNS with milk (energy = 285 kcal/day; % DRI for energy = 40%, % DRI for protein = 94.1%)

    2. Control: usual diet

    3. Duration: 12 months

  17. Bread and 'Miltone', a ground‐nut, protein‐based milk substitute

    1. Intervention: children received 2 slices of bread and 150 mL milk, infants received 1 slice of bread and 200 mL milk (energy = 250 kcal for child, 200 kcal for infant, % DRI for energy at 6–12 months = 35.1%, % DRI for energy at 12–36 months = 28.8%, % DRI for energy at 36–48 months = 17.4%, % DRI for energy at 48–60 months = 16.5%, % DRI for protein = not enough information)

    2. Control: usual meals

    3. Duration: 18 months

  18. Supplement plus stimulation

    1. Intervention: 2 or 4 treatments of supplement plus stimulation (T2 and T4, respectively) (energy = enough for 3 times a day; % DRI for energy = 75% of the recommended calories, % DRI for protein = 75% of the recommended protein). Given as part of the programme in centres

    2. Control: compared T4 to T2 at age 63 months before T2 began treatment

    3. Duration: 3.5 years divided into 4 treatment periods of 9 months each

  19. Nutritional supplement (balanced protein)

    1. Intervention: take‐home feeding; 55 g nutritional supplement in packets (100 g of the supplement provided: energy = 360 kcal, protein = 14 g, % DRI for energy at 6–11 months = 27.8%, % DRI for energy at 12–23 months = 22.8%, % DRI for protein at 6–11 months = 88.35%, % DRI for protein at 12–23 months = 77.49%, protein energy ratio = 15.66). Collected once weekly by mother or older sibling at a distribution point. Measuring cup provided. Given once a day

    2. Control: usual diet

    3. Duration: 12 months

  20. Gruel (supplementary food)

    1. Intervention: feeding only; preprepared gruel (energy = NR, % DRI for energy = NR, % DRI for protein = NR). Home‐delivered (seems like once a week) to mothers to mix up; given instructions on how to prepare

    2. Control: no food provided

    3. Duration: 14 months

  21. Dry cereal (supplementary food)

    1. Intervention: feeding only; supplement of 60 g dry cereal (energy = 1304 kJ, protein = 12 g, fat = 6 g, % DRI for energy at 6–12 months = 42%, % DRI for protein at 6–12 months = 137.69%, protein energy ratio = 15.4); enough for 1.5 weeks delivered to home and mothers instructed on how to prepare

    2. Control: usual diet

    3. Duration: 6 months

  22. Condensed milk + micronutrient

    1. Intervention: condensed milk + micronutrient (energy = 1171 kJ, iron = 12 mg, % DRI for energy at 6–12 months = 26.1%, % DRI for energy at 12–36 months = 21.4%, % DRI for energy at 36–48 months = 12.9%, % DRI for energy at 48–60 months = 12.3%, % DRI for protein = not enough information)

    2. Control: skimmed milk + placebo

    3. Duration: 12 months

  23. Dry whole milk, sugar, maltodextrins and micronutrient

    1. Intervention: feeding + take‐home rations + cash incentive for attending clinic; 240 g dry whole milk, sugar, maltodextrins and micronutrient given in 3 flavours that required hydration before consumption (5 daily rations of 44 g provided: energy = 275 kcal/day, protein = 10 g, lipid = 6 g lipid, % DRI for energy at 4–5 months = 38.7%, % DRI at 6–12 months = 27.3%, % DRI for protein at 4–5 months = 69.54%, % DRI at 6–12 months = 66.55%). Packages were distributed at health centres. Mothers given instruction to add 4 spoons of boiled water to 1 ration. Families in programme given incentives to attend health clinic

    2. Control: cross‐over intervention group

    3. Duration: 24 months

  24. Roasted and powdered rice and pulse, molasses and oil

    1. Intervention: feeding; food made of roasted and powdered rice and pulse, molasses, and oil (energy = 300 kcal, protein = 8–9 g, rice = 40 g, pulse = 20 g, molasses = 10 g, oil = 6 g, % DRI for energy at 6–12 months = 42.1%, % DRI for energy at 12–24 months = 34.5%, % DRI for protein at 6–12 months = 103.27%, % DRI for protein at 12–24 months = 90.57%, protein energy ratio = 12), plus nutritional education

    2. Control: regular diet and usual care

    3. Duration: 3 months

  25. Milk powder and cooking oil

    1. Intervention: feeding + take‐home supplements; milk powder and cooking oil to be added to prepared milk (energy = supposed to be 60% of DRI, % DRI for energy 60% of the recommended calories, % DRI for protein 100% of the recommended protein). Milk to be distributed to other children aged < 5 years to avoid redistribution. Supplement delivered to mothers at healthcare centres once a week. Take‐home rations

    2. Control: no feeding. Deworming given to both groups

    3. Duration: 6 months

  26. Prepared food

    1. Intervention: feeding + nutrition education on positive deviant practices (behaviours used by families whose children grow well despite economic poverty). Common local sources of protein, tofu, fish oil, etc. (energy = 300 kcal, % DRI for energy = not enough information, % DRI for protein = not enough information). Carers prepared foods at health centres. All children in both groups dewormed. Breastfeeding in addition to positive deviant local foods

    2. Control: no feeding; dewormed

    3. Duration: 12 months

  27. Ready‐to‐use supplement

    1. Intervention: ready‐to‐use supplement (precooked wheat, maize, millet, soybean flour, milk powder, soybean oil, palm oil and sugar, enriched with minerals and vitamins) (energy at 4–5 months = 103 kcal/meal, energy at 5–7 months = 205 kcal/ meal, % DRI for energy at 4–5 months = 20.6%, % DRI for energy at 5–7 months = 28.8%, % DRI for protein at 4–5 months = 26.98%, % DRI for protein at 5–7 months = 51.64%, protein energy ratio at 4–5 months = 8.74, at 5–7 months = 8.78). Supplements taken home and feeding observed

    2. Control: usual diet

    3. Duration: 12–13 weeks

  28. LNS

    1. Intervention: 43 g LNS (26% peanut paste, 25% dried skimmed milk, 20% vegetable oil, 27.5% icing sugar, 1.5% premade mineral and vitamin mix from Nutriset) or 71 g CSB (energy = 921 kJ (protein = 10.4 g) or 1189 kJ (protein = 6.0 g)), % DRI for energy at 6–12 months = 39.9% LNS, 30.9 CSB, % DRI for energy at 12–15 months = 32.7% LNS, 25.4% CSB, % DRI for protein at 6–12 months = 68.85% LNS, 68.58% CSB, % DRI for protein at 12–15 months = 119.33% LNS, 118.86% CSB, protein energy ratio = 8.44 LNS, 18.88 CSB)

    2. Control: usual diet and breastfeeding

    3. Duration: 12 weeks

  29. Monthly rations for family

    1. Intervention: monthly rations given to family for child and the rest of family consisting of millet = 150 g, pigeon peas = 25 g, milk = 125 g, eggs = 50 g, vegetable oil = 10 g, mango = 100 g, and sugar = 15 g (energy = 4058 kJ, % DRI for energy at 6–12 months = 136.2%, % DRI for energy at 12–24 months = 111.7%, % DRI for protein at 6–12 months = inestimable, % DRI for protein at 12–24 months = inestimable)

    2. Control: usual diet

    3. Duration: 7 months

  30. Weekly food supplements for family

    1. Intervention: feeding + maternal education; enriched bread, dry skimmed milk, and cooking oil for entire family. Index child given dry skimmed milk, high‐protein vegetable mixture, and ferrous sulcate (energy = 623 kcal per day, protein = 30 g, % DRI for energy = not enough information, % DRI for protein = not enough information). Supplements delivered in store‐like atmosphere once a week. Trained home visitors worked directly with the children and trained mothers to become more responsive

    2. Control: home‐feeding as usual, or education

    3. Duration: 32 months

  31. Puréed meat, iron‐fortified infant cereal, and whole cow's milk

    1. Intervention: puréed meat, iron‐fortified infant cereal, and whole cow's milk (energy = not stated, % DRI for energy = NR, % DRI for protein = NR)

    2. Control: usual diet

    3. Duration: 6 months

  32. Wet ration fruit cereal

    1. Intervention:113 g wet‐ration fruit cereal, rice cereal with apple sauce, mixed cereal with apple sauce and bananas, and oatmeal with apple sauce and bananas (Gerber Products Company) (energy = NR, % RDA for energy at 6–12 months = inestimable, % DRI for protein at 6–12 months = inestimable)

    2. Control: usual diet and breastfeeding

    3. Duration: 20 weeks
Comments Information provided as (and if) reported in systematic review.

CSB: corn‐soy blend; DRA: daily recommended amount; DRI: daily recommended intake; ID: identifier; kcal: kilocalories; kJ: kilojoules; LNS: lipid‐based nutrient supplement; mJ: millijoules; NR: not reported; RDA: recommended dietary allowance; RUTF: ready‐to‐use therapeutic feeding; T: time point.