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. 2018 Nov 9;2018(11):CD010578. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010578.pub2

12. Ota 2015: details of interventions (as reported in systematic review).

Review ID Ota 2015
Types of interventions considered

  1. Specific advice to increase dietary energy and protein intakes (N/A to this review)

  2. Energy and protein supplementation, including:

    1. 'balanced' protein energy supplements (i.e. an energy supplement in which < 25% of the energy was from protein)

    2. high‐protein supplements (i.e. an energy supplement in which > 25% of the energy was from protein)

    3. isocaloric protein supplements (i.e. a supplement in which the protein content was 'balanced' (i.e. provided < 25% of total energy content, but the protein replaced an equal quantity of non‐protein energy in the control group)
Details regarding the interventions

  1. Liquid supplement

    1. Intervention: chocolate flavoured supplement provided 2 twice per day (energy = 800 kcal, protein = 40 g (20%), fat = 26.6 g (30%), micronutrients)

    2. Control: supplement containing micronutrients only (given at same times and for same duration)

    3. Duration: begin after birth and continue during index pregnancy (9 months +) until 15 months' postpartum

  2. Supplement biscuits

    1. Intervention: 2 biscuits containing roasted ground nuts, rice flour, sugar and ground nut oil (energy = 4250 kJ (1017 kcal), protein = 222 g (9%), fat = 56 g (50%), calcium = 47 mg, iron = 1.8 mg), consumed daily

    2. Control: no supplement

    3. Duration: began at 20 weeks' gestation (5 months)

  3. Milk

    1. Intervention: free tokens worth 0.5 pints milk each (1 pint = 568 mL) (protein = 21%, fat = 48%); 1 pint/day for pregnant women and child < 5 years of age

    2. Control: no intervention

    3. Duration: pregnancy (9 months)

  4. Oral supplement

    1. Intervention: supplement comprising sesame cake 50 g, jaggery 40 g, oil 10 g (energy = 417 kcal, protein = 30 g (29%))

    2. Control: normal (unsupplemented) diet

    3. Duration: from last trimester (3 months)

  5. Antenatal MMN + fortified food supplement

    1. Intervention: fortified spread 72 g/day comprising 33% peanut butter, 32% soy flour, 15% vegetable oil, 20% sugar and MMN cocktail (RDA pregnant women) (energy = 372 kcal, protein = 14.7 g (15.8%), fat = 67%, CHO = 15.9%)

    2. Control: MMN

    3. Duration: pregnancy duration (9 months)

  6. Oral supplement

    1. Intervention: high‐energy, dry powder supplement comprising 50% fat, 10% casein, 40% glucose (energy = 465 kcal, protein = 7.1 g (6%))

    2. Control: low energy supplement (energy = 52 kcal, protein = 6.2 g (48%))

    3. Duration: from 26–28 weeks' gestation (± 3 months)

  7. Oral supplement

    1. Intervention: supplement comprising dried skim milk 60 g, enriched bread 150 g, vegetable oil 20 g (energy = 856 kcal, protein = 38.4 g (18%))

    2. Control: normal (unsupplemented) diet

    3. Duration: from 3rd trimester (3 months)

  8. Oral supplements

    1. Intervention 1: daily supplement (iron = 60 mg, folic acid = 400 μg)

    2. Intervention 2: LNS 20 g (energy = 118 kcal, micronutrients = 22)

    3. Control: MMN

    4. Duration: from 20 weeks' gestation

  9. Oral supplements

    1. Intervention: 2 types of supplements (energy = 700–800 kcal, protein = 36–44 g (± 22%)):

      1. high‐bulk mixture of beans and maize, given as mush with added vitamins

      2. low‐bulk porridge containing dried skimmed milk, maize, flour, vitamins and minerals; the high‐ and low‐bulk groups are combined in the intervention group for this review

    2. Control: placebo tablets

    3. Duration: from < 20 weeks' gestation (5 months +)

  10. Balanced energy/protein beverage or high‐protein beverage

    1. Intervention 1 (complement group): 16 ounce, balanced energy/protein beverage (energy = 322 kcal, protein = 6 g (7%), fat = 7.6 g, micronutrients)

    2. Intervention 2 (supplement group): 16 ounce, high‐protein beverage (energy = 470 kcal, protein = 40 g/day (34%), fat = 8.6 g, micronutrients)

    3. Control: supplement containing micronutrients only

    4. Duration: from < 30 weeks' gestation (2.5 months +)

  11. Glucose drink

    1. Intervention: flavoured carbonated glucose drink (energy = 273 kcal, protein = 11%, vitamins) from 18–38 weeks

    2. Control: 369 mL flavoured carbonated water (containing iron, vitamin C)

    3. Duration: 18–38 weeks' gestation (5 months)

  12. Glucose drink + skim milk powder

    1. Intervention: flavoured carbonated glucose drink + skim milk powder (26 g) (energy = 425 kcal, protein = 10%, vitamins) from 28–38 weeks

    2. Control: flavoured carbonated water (iron, vitamin C)

    3. Duration: 28–38 weeks' gestation (5 months)
Comments 4 trials provided nutrition advice only as intervention and are not reported here (see Ota 2015).
Information provided as (and if) reported in systematic review.

CHO: carbohydrate; ID: identifier; kcal: kilocalories; kJ: kilojoules; MMN: multiple micronutrient; N/A: not applicable; RDA: recommended dietary allowance.