Chauveau 1986.

Methods	Study design: parallel RCT Study duration: not reported Study follow‐up period: 12 months
Participants	Country: France Setting: Single centre Patients with good general medical condition; motivated to take low protein diet; CrCl 5 to 15 mL/min/1.73 m2; SCr > 500 µmol/L in females and > 600 µmol/L in males; declining kidney function over 3 months Number: very low protein diet group (10); low protein diet group (9) Mean age ± SD (years): very low protein diet group (66.3 ± 6); low protein diet group (55.6 ± 10.5) Sex M/F: very low protein diet group (5/5); low protein diet group (2/7) Exclusion criteria: kidney disease due to diabetes; systemic disease; nephrotic syndrome; proteinuria > 3 g/d; unstable obstructive uropathy; unable to attend monthly follow‐up; GI tract disorders; Not motivated to take low protein diet
Interventions	Very low protein diet group Prescribed protein intake: 0.4 g protein/kg/d + oral supplement with keto acids (1 tab Ketosteril /6 kg BW/d) Calculated protein intake: 0.5 g/kg/d Low protein diet group Prescribed protein intake: 0.6 g protein/kg/d Calculated protein intake: 0.7 g/kg/d Both groups had calorie intake of 35 to 40 Kcal/kg/d Co‐interventions Bicarbonate supplements, iron and water soluble vitamins Vitamin D and phosphate binders Treatment for hypertension
Outcomes	1/serum creatinine against time CrCl Compliance with diet Commencement of dialysis Death (all causes)
Notes	Withdrawal from therapy if poor adherence or intolerance to keto acids or to the low protein diet, uraemic symptoms, or evidence of under‐nutrition, serum urea > 50 mmol/L and/or SCr > 1200 μmol/L Funding source: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not blinded and lack of blinding may influence patient management
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias): End or change in GFR End of change in GFR	Low risk	Primary outcome (1/Cr or CrCl) was laboratory based and unlikely to be influenced by lack of blinding
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias): Need to start dialysis Need to start dialysis	Low risk	Decision to commence dialysis made by dialysis staff independently of study investigators
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	26% (5/19) excluded from analysis of 1/Cr but information on dialysis available for all
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Reported on dialysis, death, body weight, GFR measure reported
Other bias	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement