Summary of findings 7. Memory alteration compared to control for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents.
| Memory alteration compared to control for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents | |||||
| Patient or population: children aged 3‐18 years with chronic illness (leukemia) undergoing lumbar puncture Setting: hospital (inpatient) Intervention: memory alteration Comparison: control | |||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | № of participants (studies) | Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) | Comments** | |
| Risk with control | Risk with memory alteration | ||||
| Self‐reported pain | See comment | See comment | 24 (1 RCT) | ‐ | This outcome was assessed in one study only |
| Self‐reported distress | See comment | See comment | See comment | ‐ | This outcome was not assessed in any study |
| Observer‐reported pain | See comment | See comment | 42 (1 RCT) | ‐ | This outcome was assessed in one study only |
| Observer‐reported distress | See comment | See comment | 50 (1 RCT) | ‐ | This outcome was assessed in one study only |
| Behavioral measures‐ pain | See comment | See comment | See comment | ‐ | This outcome was not assessed in any study |
| Behavioral measures‐ distress | See comment | See comment | 50 (1 RCT) | ‐ | This outcome was assessed in one study only |
| *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). **One 'rule of thumb' for interpreting the relative effect is that 0.2 represents a small difference, 0.5 a moderate difference and 0.8 a large difference. CI: Confidence interval; SMD: standardized mean difference; RCT: randomized controlled trial | |||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect | |||||