2. Means and standard deviations for outcomes from single trials.
| Intervention | Outcome | Study | Treatment | Control | ||
| N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD | |||
| Distraction | Physiological measure ‐ Respiratory rate | Nguyen 2010 | 20 | 25.1 (3.6) | 20 | 28.5 (3.86) |
| Physiological measure ‐ Systolic BP | Nguyen 2010 | 20 | 97.1 (8.57) | 20 | 105.6 (15.97) | |
| Physiological measure ‐ Diastolic BP | Nguyen 2010 | 20 | 65.2 (6.83) | 20 | 69.8 (11.67) | |
| Hypnosis | Observer‐reported distress | Katz 1987 | 17 | 3 (0.9) | 19 | 3.3 (0.6) |
| Physiological measure ‐ Skin conductance | Ramírez‐Carrasco 2017 | 20 | 10.61 (6.42) | 20 | 8.74 (4.63) | |
| Physiological measure ‐ Heart rate | Ramírez‐Carrasco 2017 | 20 | 93.57 (12.33) | 20 | 99.3 (18.56) | |
| Preparation/Information | Observer‐reported distress | Harrison 1991 | 50 | 2.43 (1.62) | 50 | 3.17 (1.3) |
| Behavioural measure ‐ Pain | Miller 2016 | 19 | 3.21 (3.46) | 20 | 4.90 (3.67) | |
| Behavioural measure ‐ Distress | Tak 2006 | 26 | 2.64 (1.1) | 28 | 2.37 (1.12) | |
| Physiological measure ‐ Pulse rate | Harrison 1991 | 50 | 84.6 (8.6) | 50 | 88.6 (8.3) | |
| Breathing | Observer‐reported pain | Sahiner 2016 | 60 | 2.56 (3.24) | 60 | 3.80 (2.93) |
| Observer‐reported distress | Sahiner 2016 | 60 | 0.59 (1.03) | 60 | 1.25 (1.41) | |
| Suggestion | Self‐reported distress | Goodenough 1997 | 39 | 0.7 (1.1) | 39 | 1.1 (1.3) |
| Observer‐reported pain | Goodenough 1997 | 39 | 0.9 (1.6) | 39 | 1.7 (2.3) | |
| Observer‐reported distress | Eland 1981 | 10 | 1.8 (0.71) | 10 | 1.8 (0.79) | |
| Memory Alteration | Self‐reported pain (during procedure change score) | Chen 1999 | 15 | −0.06 (3.9) | 9 | −0.02 (3.2) |
| Observer‐reported pain (during procedure change score) |
Chen 1999 | 20 | 04. (3.1) | 22 | −0.1 (1.8) | |
| Observer‐reported distress (during procedure change score) |
Chen 1999 | 25 | −0.2 (2.6) | 25 | −0.5 (1.9) | |
| Behavioural measure ‐ Distress (during procedure change score) |
Chen 1999 | 25 | −0.62 (3.7) | 25 | −0.48 (2.0) | |
| Physiological measure ‐ Heart rate (during procedure change score) |
Chen 1999 | 24 | 0.1 (26.9) | 20 | −4.9 (21.8) | |
| Physiological measure ‐ Cortisol (during procedure change score) |
Chen 1999 | 22 | 0.01 (0.18) | 22 | 0.01 (0.2) | |
| Physiological measure ‐ Systolic BP (during procedure change score) |
Chen 1999 | 23 | −0.5 (11.8) | 19 | −5.4 (7.9) | |
| Physiological measure ‐ Diastolic BP (during procedure change score) |
Chen 1999 | 23 | −4.1 (10.9) | 19 | 2.9 (10.2) | |