Study	Reason for exclusion
Agarwal 2008	Older than included age range/adult sample
Agarwal 2017	Reported assignment not truly random
Alavi 2005	Cross‐over design with data not available pre‐cross‐over
Alderfer 2010	Inappropriate outcome measures/outcomes not related to pain or anxiety
Alhani 2010	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Anghelescu 2013	Intervention not primarily psychological
Anson 2010	Older than included age range/adult sample
Arts 1994	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Ashkenzai 2006	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Atkinson 2009	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Bagnasco 2012	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Baxter 2011	Inappropriate intervention/cannot isolate effects of psychological components from multicomponent intervention
Ben‐Pazi 2017	Reported assignment not truly random, quasi‐randomized assignment
Bengston 2002	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Benjamin 2016	Inappropriate intervention/cannot isolate effects of psychological components from multicomponent intervention
Berberich 2009	Only 1 group received an adjunct pharmacological intervention
Berge 2017	Inclusion of children with known needle phobias
Boivin 2008	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Bowen 1999	Failed randomization
Broome 1998	No control/comparison group or inappropriate control group
Bruck 1995	Inappropriate outcome measures/outcomes not related to pain or anxiety
Bufalini 2009	Use of general anesthesia/conscious sedation prior to needle procedure
Bufalini 2012	Conference presentation abstract/not a published RCT
Carlson 2000	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Chan 2013	Inappropriate outcome measures or outcomes not related to pain or anxiety
Chen 2000b	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Chow 2017	No needle procedure
Christiano 1996	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Cline 2006	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Cohen 1997	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Cohen 1999	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Cohen 2002	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Cohen 2010	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Cramer‐Berness 2005	Younger than included age range/infant sample
Crowley 2011	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Cumino 2017	No needle procedure
Dahlquist 2002	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Dahlquist 2005	Secondary data analysis/original study not included in review
Davit 2011	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Demir 2012	Intervention not primarily psychological
Drahota 2008	Older than included age range/adult sample
Dufresne 2010	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
El‐Sharkawi 2012	Cross‐over design with data not available pre‐cross‐over
Fancourt 2016	Conference presentation abstract
Fassler 1985	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Felluga 2016	Fewer than 5 participants per condition
Firoozi 2014	Conference presentation abstract or not a published RCT
Forsner 2014	Not a randomized controlled trial
Franck 2014	Could not isolate effects of psychological components from multicomponent intervention
Franzoi 2016	No needle procedure
French 1994	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Garret‐Bernardin 2017	Intervention not primarily psychological
Gilbert 1982	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Goymour 2000	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Hartling 2013	Missing data necessary for pooling, such as means, SDs, and cell sizes
Hatava 2000	Surgical procedure
Hawkins 1998	No control/comparison group or inappropriate control group
Heckler‐Medina 2006	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Hedén 2009	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Hillgrove‐Stuart 2013	Younger than included age range
Hoffman 2011	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Howe 2011	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Hudson 2015	Older than included age range or adult sample
Inal 2010	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Isong 2014	No needle procedure
Jacobson 2006	Older than included age range/adult sample
Jay 1987	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Jay 1990	Inappropriate outcome measures/outcomes not related to pain or anxiety
Jay 1991	Inappropriate intervention/cannot isolate effects of psychological components from multicomponent intervention
Jay 1995	No control/comparison group or inappropriate control group
Jibb 2017	Mixed causes of pain and not available for needle procedure only
Jimeno 2014	Not a randomized controlled trial, reported assignment not truly random, quasi‐randomized assignment, randomization failed
Kain 2006	Use of general anesthesia/conscious sedation prior to needle procedure
Kammerbauer 2011	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Kazak 1996	Means or standard deviations, or both, not available
Kazak 1998	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Kearl 2015	Not a randomized controlled trial
Kettwich 2007	No needle procedure
Klingman 1985	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Klorman 1980	Surgical procedure
Kolk 2000	No control/comparison group or inappropriate control group
Krauss 1996	Non‐published dissertation study
Kuttner 1988	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Kwekkeboom 2003	Older than included age range/adult sample
Lawes 2008	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Lee 2013	Inappropriate intervention or could not isolate effects of psychological components from multicomponent intervention
Lessi 2011	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Liossi 2007	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Lustman 1983	Surgical procedure
MacLaren 2005	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
MacLaren 2007	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Malone 1996	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Manimala 2000	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Manne 1990	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Manne 1994	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Marec‐Bérard 2009	Intervention not primarily psychological
Marechal 2017	No needle procedure
McCarthy 1998	Failed randomization
McCarthy 2014	Reported assignment not truly random
McInally 2005	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
McWhorter 2014	Older than included age range or adult sample
Megel 1998	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Melamed 1974	Surgical procedure
Moadad 2016	Inappropriate intervention/cannot isolate effects of psychological components from multicomponent intervention
Mohan 2015	Mixed procedures and data not available for needle procedure only
Mutlu 2015b	"Cough trick" group excluded as intervention not primarily psychological
Myrvik 2009	Non‐published dissertation study
Nilsson 2009	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
O'Laughlin 1995	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Oberoi 2016	Inappropriate outcome measures or outcomes not related to pain or anxiety
Olsen 1991	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Ozdemir 2012	Younger than included age range/infant sample
Park 2008	Intervention not primarily psychological
Pederson 1996	Fewer than 5 participants per condition
Peretz 1999	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Posner 1998	Non‐published dissertation study
Powers 1993	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Quan 2016	No needle procedure
Rajan 2017	Use of sedation
Ramponi 2009	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Reeb 1997	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Rogovik 2007	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Russell 2012	Failed randomization
Salih 2010	Older than included age range/adult sample
Santos 2000	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Schechter 2010b	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Schneider 2011	Older than included age range/adult sample
Schreiber 2016	Inappropriate intervention/cannot isolate effects of psychological components from multicomponent intervention
Schur 1986	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Seiden 2014	No needle procedure
Shabanloei 2010	Older than included age range/adult sample
Shahabi 2007	Cross‐over design with data not available pre‐cross‐over
Shanmugam 2016	Data not available for eligible age range
Shemesh 2017	Intervention not primarily psychological
Shimizu 2005	Older than included age range/adult sample
Sikorova 2011	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Singh 2016	Not a randomized controlled trial, reported assignment not truly random, quasi‐randomized assignment, randomization failed
Skinner 2015	Conference presentation abstract
Slack 2009	Older than included age range/adult sample
Slifer 2009	No control/comparison group or inappropriate control group
Slifer 2011	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Smith 1989	No control/comparison group or inappropriate control group
Smith 1996	No control/comparison group or inappropriate control group
Sparks 2001	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Stefano 2005	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Stevenson 2005	Inappropriate intervention/cannot isolate effects of psychological components from multicomponent intervention
Suresh 2015	No needle procedure
Sury 2010	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Thurgate 2005	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Tokunaga 2017	Older than included age range or adult sample
Tyson 2014	Mixed procedures and data not available for needle procedure only
Tüfekci 2009	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Ujaoney 2013	Intervention not primarily psychological
Vernon 1974	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Vika 2009	Older than included age range/adult sample
Vohra 2011	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Wall 1989	No control/comparison group or inappropriate control group
Wallace 2010	Intervention not primarily psychological
Weber 2010	No needle procedure
Weinstein 2003	No needle procedure
Winborn 1989	Surgical procedure
Wood 2002	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Yoo 2011	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Young 1988	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes
Zabin 1982	Non‐published dissertation study
Zahr 1998	Not a randomized controlled trial/reported assignment not truly random/quasi‐randomized assignment
Zeltzer 1982	Met inclusion criteria but missing data necessary for pooling such as means, standard deviations, and/or cell sizes