Taniuchi 2005.

Methods	Three‐month parallel‐group randomised controlled trial
Participants	Seventeen children 3 to 18 months of age with eczema diagnosed by Hanifin and Rajka criteria, and with cow's milk hypersensitivity diagnosed by suggestive history plus evidence of cow's milk‐specific IgE. No information on the randomisation ratio was given. All participants had reduced levels of Bifidobacteria in their faeces (< 30% of total bacteria) and were receiving extensively hydrolysed cow's milk formula for at least 2 weeks before randomisation Setting unclear Unclear how many participants were lost to follow‐up
Interventions	Raffinose prebiotic containing extensively hydrolysed cow's milk formula with or without Bifidobacterium breve M‐16V at 5 to 15 × 10⁹ CFUs/d
Outcomes	Investigator‐rated eczema scoring system* *Denotes outcomes prespecified for this review
Notes	No numerical outcome data available Study was supported by Grants‐in‐Aid from the Morianga Houshikai and the Mami Mitzutani Foundation. No conflicts of interest reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Quote: "The 17 infants were divided into 2 groups at random" Comment: inadequate information; inadequate information for a judgement on risk of bias
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No information; inadequate information for a judgement on risk of bias
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No information available
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No information available
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No information on losses to follow‐up or data analyses
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No risk found
Other bias	Low risk	No other bias found