Comparison 3. Phonics training versus control: sensitivity analysis using the fixed‐effect model.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Mixed/regular word reading accuracy	11	701	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.48 [0.32, 0.64]
2 Non‐word reading accuracy	10	682	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.68 [0.51, 0.84]
3 Irregular word reading accuracy	4	294	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.58, 1.07]
4 Mixed/regular word reading fluency	4	224	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.45 [0.19, 0.72]
5 Non‐word reading fluency	3	188	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.39 [0.10, 0.68]
6 Reading comprehension	5	343	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.23 [0.01, 0.45]
7 Spelling	2	140	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.28 [‐0.09, 0.65]
8 Letter‐sound knowledge	3	192	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.35 [0.04, 0.65]
9 Phonological output	4	280	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.44 [0.19, 0.70]